Dainos

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"A poplar stood alongside a road.
Sounding kanklës - from below the roots, buzzing bees - in the middle, falcon's children - at the top.
And a group of brothers comes ridding on horseback.
Please stop, young brothers: listen to the sounding kanklës, listen to the buzzing bees, look at the falcon's children.".

This daina or ancient hymn portrays the world tree. It unites the past, the present, and the future; the living and the dead; and the human and natural worlds. It then tells us to reflect on our situation in the world.

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Ancient Lithuanian Mythology and Religion

The Lithuanian pagan faith and mythology, as well as the ritual connected with them, are among the oldest phenomena of human spiritual creation. Religious and mythic imagery permeated all the spheres of society life that was based on hunting and gathering already during the period of the early tribal system which comprised the Upper Palaeolithic and Mesolithic. The history of Lithuanian faith and mythology can be subdivided into three epochs. The first epoch is that of the early matriarchal tibal system, during which religious imagery (totem, animist and craft cult imagery) connected with feminine supernatural beings appeared in the hunters' and gatherers' society (the Upper Palaeolithic and the Mesolithic). The second epoch was that of the late matriarchal tribal system, based on hoe agriculture, during which religious imagery connected with the cult of feminine deities of the Sun, the Moon, the Earth developed as well as those representing fertility and water. In the period of matriarchy the goddesses were responsible for the birth, existence and death of man, fauna and flora. Those deities took care that the continuity of life and fecundity be maintained in the Universe through constant interchangeability of life and death. The goddesses supervised the sky, the earth, water, fire and the atmosphere. Art, especially the symbolic art, was created in the sphere of the cult of feminine divinities, while the rites of this cult was performed by women themselves survived into the the period of patriarchy. The third epoch was the period of the patriarchal tribal system and its disintegration, followed by the formation of class society. The chief gods appearead during this period, while most of the feminine deities lost their supremacy, though not all: some of them remained in the pantheon of Lithuanian gods together with masculine deities. After the state of Lithuania was formed and the Christianity was adopted in the country, the Lithuanians still refused to renounce their gods for a considerable period of time.

The tribes of the Aestii creted their religion jointly throughout millennia. In the middle of the Ist millennium A.D., as they began to split into separate pations, their religious imagery changed but a little.

The main sources of knowledge of the Lithuanian religion and mythology are the archaeological and etnographic data, as well as various written sources, toponymy and other objects of linguistic study.

In our attempts to disclose the genesis of religious beliefs and rites, to reconstruct their functional content and to discern their transformation under different social and economic conditions, we turn to traditional folk art and ritual, i.e., to the cultural layer that has reached us from under the cover of millennia. The semantics of archaic beliefs and of the traces of mythical imagery related to them require a thorough analysis based not only on local but also on general Proto-Indo-European or Indo-European materials that have partially survived in the Christian ritual, in the cult of the Christian god and various saints. The semantic analysis indispensable to the study of religion and mythology is inevitably connected with ancient philosophy.

A great deal of elements of ancient world-outlook have survived to this day through legends, fairy-tales, exorcisms and songs. Relics of the dissolving religion were transferred into these genres of folklore; rather undisputable evidence of totemism, animism and the cults of ancestors and different deities can be traced there. This evidence is especially noticeable in ballads and in epic and mythological songs that remind of, and are probably even more archaic than, the ancient Hindu Vedas.

Some religious elements of remote past, going back to the Stone age, can be in use together with the Christian iconology until the 18th century and even the first decades of 20th century. These elements reflect the essence of the religious outlook. The patterns of ornament in folk art are some kind of Holy Writ that needs deciphering, though it sometimes may be difficult to grasp the historical moment or the symbolic meaning of one or another ornament.

In the study of pagan religion, the support of certain written sources and iconological material is indispensable, though often it is already transformed and deprived of its original meaning.

The pantheon of Lithuanian gods is rather rich and diverse. Lithuanians, as well as other ancient nations, developed in the period of patriarchy an image of the unique supreme God, the creator and lord of the Universe and all life. 'Dievas', the name of God in Lithuanian, has a common root with the words of this meaning in all ide languages. The word 'Dievas' often personifies the shining sky, light, or day.

The Lithuanian supreme God, as the myth retales, had a wife, the primorial Great Mother, the goddess Lada, who had given birth to the first-born twins. God's twin children, in the shape of twin horses, are known from the myths; they are related to the fire of the sky , the Sun, and lighting.

The Lithuanian supreme God was considered to be as well the Master of Fate, the Lord of the world who ruled the Heaven and Earth, while his children assisted him.

The names reffered by to the supreme and most powerful God varied in Lithuania from region to region during the course of time. In the Highlands of Lithuania as well as in the major part of the Lowlands the word 'Dievas' was used together with personal name Praamzius, in Suvalkija the God's name were Prakurimas, Ikurejas, Sotvaras, while in the west of the Lowlands and in Prussia he was reffered to as Ukopirmas.

Praamzius is described as the omnipotent ruler of time, the inescapable fate. The sky and the air, water and all live creatures had to obey him, with none exclusion even for other deities. All decisions made by Praamzius are inscribed in stone and thus is no escape from them; while ordering the present, he is awere of both the past and the future. Similar functions are ascribed as well to Prakurimas and Ukopirmas.

The chiel ritual addressed to the supreme God was performed during the winter solstice. The importance of this ritual especially increased by the time agriculture became known and was cultivated. The rites permeated with archaic totem, animist, symbolic imagery would continue for twelve days associated with the twelve the twelve months of the year. Together with rites addressed to the supreme God, souls of remote ancestors from the other world were paid homage to.

In Lithuanian religion, just as it is the case with other religions, the trinity of gods is known: Perkunas, Patrimpas and Pikuolis. The most prominent among these gods was Perkunas, the master of the atmosphere and the "waters" of the sky, as well as the fecundity of flora, human morality and justice. Beside the supreme God, Perkunas occupied perhaps the most important place in the Lithuanian divine pantheon. Under the influence of Christianity the supreme God's image was transformed and Perkunas acquires the position of the Lord of Heaven.

The major imagery representing Perkunas is of zoomorphic character, while later on it becomes antropomorphic, sometimes retaining certain zoomorphic attributes. Perkunas used to inspire awe and punish people, thus he was often called the "god's scourge". He was supposed to punish by throwing at the culprit his stone axes, that often had symbols of the Sun and lightning. People knew then how to turn away Perkunas's wrath.

The second god was Patrimpas. He was supposed to bring the spring, joy, peace, maturity, abundance, as well as to take care of domestic animals, ploughed fields, and crops. Sheaves of corn, amber, vax, etc., were offered to him during the rites.

The third member of the Lithuanian divine trinity was Pikuolis, otherwise called Pikulas. He was the god of the underworld, all kinds of evil and death.

When presented in a horizontal and vertical lines, the divine, trinity of the Aestii corresponds to the model of universal space, i.e., the sky, the earth and the underworld. The analogy may also be seen with the time recurrence: adolescence, maturity and old age, or otherwise, spring, autumn and winter.

The sky gods form a separate group. Here belongs the heavenly smith, who had forged celestial bodies, as well as the god Menulis (Moon) and the goddess Saule (Sun). The latter tho constituted the celestial family: Menuo (another forms of the name Menulis) and Saule are represented as spouses, while the planets and stars as their daughters. The god's sons are known too. It is interesting to note that in the mythologies of some other nations the Sun and the Moon may be of opposite sex.

The Lithuanians respected the gods and goddess of the farmstead and home. The cult of these deities originated from the deified remote primordial mother image; later on the father image influenced it too. These deities protected the house, the people living there, farm- buildings, domestic animals and fowl.

Some archaic elements of the primordial mother cult survived as long as the 19th century. During the wedding, as the bride bade farewell to her paternal home and its gods, she would pray and make sacrifices to a female idol made of a sheaf of straw, begging to forgive her for leaving home and moving to a new one, where she would have to adore other gods. Nonadieve, a godness mentioned in the Voluine Chronicle (middle of the 13th century), must probably have been the domestic goddess. She corresponds to J.Lasickis Numeja. The sentence "Numeias vocant domesticos" should be translated as "Numejas are called domestic goddesses".

The goddess Dimstipati mentioned in the written sources was later transformed into a male deity Dimstipatis, but the offering rites addressed to him were performed by women, which may indicate his feminine origin. Women used to take care of the most important place in the house, the corner behind the table, where goddess were supposed to live. Zeme pati, the goddess of the farmstead mentioned in the written sources, was also later transformed into a male god Zemepatis.

Since ancient times, the Lithuanians used to respect fire. In the course of time, fire was personified and at first it assumed a zoomorphic image, which later became ornitomorphic and, finally, antropomorphic (female). The personified and deified fire was reffered to as Gabija, while the fire in the threshing barn (jauja) was called Gabjauja. These goddess protected not only fire but also the farm itself, the cattle and women's chores in the whole.

The goddesses of birth and death were, respectively, Laima and Giltine. They both belonged to the senior generation of goddesses. Laima was responsible for fertility, predetermined the fate of the newly-born, took care of women in childbirth, ordained the cosmic phenomena. Originally her image was ornitomorphic, but gradually she acquired human shape. In the area of Aestii, the flint birds found in the ground must have represented the goddess Laima. These bird-figurines express the idea of the feminine element. The cult of lime-trees is kindred to that of Laima-bird. As Laima acquired an antropomorphic image, she became the protectress not only of the earthly but also of the heavenly life.

Giltine, the death goddess, ordained the end of human life and took care that people be not superfluous on the earth.

The most prominent flora gods were probably Puskaitis and Pergubre. Puskaitis took care of the earth's fruit, and of the cereals in particular; he lived under the elder, which was considered a sacred tree associated with fertility and the underworld kingdom). The name Puskaitis is associated with blossom ('puskuoti' means 'to blossom'). Feasts to his honour were held twice a year: in spring and in autumn. Early in spring the ancient Lithuanians used to worship goddess Pergubre (which was by mistake called in written sources by the male name Pergubrius). She supplied the earth with blossom and protected the first field-works. Her dedication feasts were held early in spring.

Among the goddesses that had survived from the Neolithic there was Kaupuole, or Kupuole, associated with the luxuriance of flora, the activation of vegetative powers. She was the goddess of field vegetation, while her daughter Rasyte used to water the vegetation with silver dew. Thus Rasyte assisted her mother Kaupuole. The both goddesses took care of the growth of flora. In earliest times, still before the rise of agriculture, this idea was personified by a dying and resurrecting goddess.

Another archaic Lithuanian goddess promoting the vegetation growth was Vaisgamta, who was worshipped by women engaged in flax growing and breaking. Ritual addressed to her was performed on the day of Ilges festival (corresponding to the Halloween).

Harvesting ritual was performed in honour of the deities of the cereals, the so-called rye-wives (rugiu boba), the idols made of the last sheaf of rye and carried ceremoniously home.

An ancient custom to respect water sought to preserve it clean, and forbade polluting it. Taht was associated with the belief that variouss deities lived in water: mermaids, spirits, souls, especially those of the drowned. The queen of the Baltic Sea was the beautiful mermaid Jurate. By will of god Praamzius, she was killed by another god Perkunas, for a love affair with Kastytis, a son of the earth.

The atmosphere is represented by the wind gods and spirits. Since ancient times their images had been zoomorphic (those of a bear or a horse), later they become anthropomorphic. Myths recount of the Mother of winds and her spouse, her daughter and four sons; the most quick-witted among them was Siaurys (the North wind). The wind gods, and sometimes the spirits, were represented with wings. They were supposed to communicate with Saule and Menulis (the Sun and the Moon). Bangputys, or Vejopatis, is depicted in Rusne as a winged man.

Aitvaras should also be grouped with the atmosphere gods. The image of this creature originated while watching flashing meteors, most probably after agriculture had already spread. At first aitvarai were supposed to live in the sky or in the woods; under the influence of Christianity they were settled in garners and denounced as thieves. On the whole, aitvarai were considered to be divine creatures, to regulate human relations and to influence the state of wealth. Being of divine origin, they were supposed to be immortal. Kiled or wounded, an aitvaras would regain his strenght after touching the ground, similarly as Anteus in the Greek tradition.

Among other gods Pilnytis, the wealth god, may be mentioned, as well as the war god Kovas and the goddess Junda, the health god Ausaitis, the schepherds' god Ganiklis, the god of roads Keliukis, the love and freedom goddess Milda, the goddess of corn ears Krumine, the underworld god's wife Nijole, the goddess of woods and trees Medeine, and finally, Austeja and Bubilas, the goddess and the god of bees.

Among the oldest goddesses there were as well laumes, and goddesses of earth, water and sky. Raganos (witches) were supposed to practise sorcery and perform different magic actions ordaining the cosmos, the fates of people and animals. They were lunar nightlife creatures. Supernatural powers to order and regenerate not only the live world, but the whole Nature were attributed to them.

Among the underworld spirits kaukai were best known to the Lithuanians. The image of this creature originated from still-born babies or those that died without the birth rites. Kaukai were represented as little manikins, both men and women. Beside kaukai, the underworld also had spirits which guarded treasures hidden in the ground.

Since earliest times the Lithuanians had idols of their respected divine creatures (first totems, later zoomorphic-antropomorphic and finally purely anthropomorphic deities). This was proved by archeological and written sources, as well as linguistic and etnographic data.

Our remote ancestors used to perform their religious rites in sacred forest, near sacred streams. Later, especially in the Metal Age, temples appeared; relics of temples have been discovered in different places of Lithuania. Lately remnants of temple (an altar, a pit of offerings) were found in the vaults of Vilnius Cathedral.


This abstract was taken from Prane Dunduliene book
"Senoves lietuviu mitologija ir religija" translated
into English "Ancient Lithuanian Mythology and Religion"

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http://img.rian.ru/i/t.gifhttp://img.rian.ru/i/t.g ifhttp://img.rian.ru/i/t.gifhttp://img.rian.ru/ima ges/148/15/1481518.jpg Russia (http://en.rian.ru/russia/)
Russia's rejection of Lithuania occupation claims final -ministry


19:03|18/ 01/ 2007http://img.rian.ru/i/b_print.gif (http://en.rian.ru/russia/20070118/59322624-print.html)
MOSCOW, January 18 (RIA Novosti) - Moscow does not intend to revisit the issue of Lithuania's compensation demands to Russia for what it terms the "Soviet occupation," the Foreign Ministry said Thursday. The Lithuanian parliament passed Tuesday a resolution demanding compensation for damage caused by the Soviet occupation.
"Our position is well known and has been stated repeatedly," the ministry said. "The assertions about Lithuania's 'occupation' by the Soviet Union and the related claims ignore all legal, historical and political realities, and are therefore utterly groundless."
Moscow expressed its profound regret over the resolution passed by Lithuanian lawmakers upholding the compensation claim.
"To us, the issue is closed, and Russia does not intend to reopen it," the ministry said.
The alleged occupation has long marred relations between Russia, the legal successor to the Soviet Union, and the three Baltic States.
In 2000, the Lithuanian parliament enacted a law demanding compensation from Russia. Parliament instructed the government to evaluate the damage, form a delegation for negotiations and approach Russia. A special committee determined that Russia should pay Lithuania more than $28 billion.

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The media are emphasizing the impudence of Russia's policy -- its readiness to sacrifice any friendly or contractual relations to here-and-now gains. "Russian President Vladimir Putin has decided to turn Belarus into an insolvent debtor. A brief account of a multi-stage operation...ostensibly contrived by Putin is as follows: either Belarus conducts, of its free will, a referendum on its inclusion into Russia and introduction of the Russian ruble, or it will be compelled to do this (under pressure of economic sanctions)" (Lietuvos rytas, January 13). "In the EU eyes, Belarus is a victim of brutal blackmail. Now applying any economic sanctions against Belarus is almost the same as joining the Kremlin's policy" (Respublika, January 3).
Journalists are calling 2006 the year of Russia's gas aggression. The Baltic countries' EU partners are called upon to look for alternative energy sources. "The new power struggle between Russia with its enormous oil and gas profits, and the West with its feeble will, will start in the very beginning of the new year. The great battle will take place on the energy field alone. The Baltic nations and Poland are trying to diversify their energy suppliers. For Russia this will not be a big obstacle - its wealthy energy communities will obviate it by buying energy supply companies in Europe. Even ex-communist countries will not be able to resist the temptation of special contracts with Russia (Verslo zinios, January 4).
UKRAINE

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Photo from www.kp.ru
Russia’s Putin Opens New Sea Route Linking Russian Baltic Outpost to Mainland

Created: 11.09.2006 09:20 MSK (GMT +3), Updated: 10:52 MSK document.write(get_ago(1157957552));

MosNews

Russia’s President Vladimir Putin on Sunday inaugurated a new sea route that will link the Russian enclave of Kaliningrad directly to the mainland, bypassing a troublesome overland route via EU territory, the Reuters news agency reports.

The outpost on the Baltic Sea, base for a large military garrison, is separated from the rest of Russia by European Union member Lithuania. Transit through Lithuania has been the source of dispute for years and tensions have escalated in past weeks. Television pictures showed Defense Minister Sergei Ivanov telling Putin that Lithuania was blocking some military supplies from crossing its territory.

Putin inspected the new ship-rail terminal in Kaliningrad that will process cargoes delivered from Russia by the new route. Officials say it will take some of the goods traffic that at the moment is shipped by train via Lithuania. Putin said the sea link was important for Russia’s national security and instructed Ivanov to oversee speedy completion of new transport projects in the region.

“For us the transport infrastructure of ... Kaliningrad in particular is of enormous importance because of the region’s enclave status and the fact that it is a outpost for contacts with our European neighbors,” Putin said.

The state-owned Rossiya television channel said the new sea link to Kaliningrad would “deprive the Baltic states of an instrument of influence” over Russia.

The link can transport 1.5 million tons of goods to Kaliningrad from Russia a year, RIA news agency quoted regional governor Georgy Boos as saying.

Russia’s Foreign Ministry hit out angrily last month at suggestions Lithuania might take the rail link with Kaliningrad out of action for repairs. It said Lithuanian officials had hinted they might close the route in retaliation for Russia’s closure for repairs of a pipeline spur that delivered Russian oil to Lithuania’s Mazeikiu refinery. “Such threats could lead to the most serious consequences for relations between our two countries,” said Deputy Foreign Minister Vladimir Titov.

Oil traders said Russia deliberately shut down the oil pipeline because Moscow was infuriated that the Lithuanian government sold its stake in Mazeikiu to Poland’s PKN Orlen, rejecting bids from Russian oil companies.

Kaliningrad, as Koenigsberg, was the capital of the eastern German province of East Prussia. At the end of World War Two the territory was annexed by the Soviet Union and resettled with Russian-speakers. With the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Baltic state of Lithuania became independent, leaving Kaliningrad region effectively stranded beyond the boundaries of the bulk of the Russian Federation.

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against the "attack" of Chechens on the factory in Lithuania
[ today into 15:06 on Dzhokharu ]

On 30 January, 2007, some information sources with the reference in the Lithuanian OF THE MEDIA reported (http://babelfish.altavista.com/babelfish/urltrurl ?lp=ru_en&trurl=http%3a%2f%2fold.kavkazcenter.com%2fruss%2fc ontent%2f2007%2f01%2f30%2f49410.shtml) the fact that the group of Chechens completed attack on the colleagues of an enterprise in the woodworking enterprise Pabrade in Pabrade city Of the shvenchenisskeyeo region in the east of Lithuania.

In the communication Russian "Interfaksa", which referred to the press- service of the department of the police with MVD of Lithuania, it was indicated:

"to the territory PRIVATELY HELD COMPANY toward the end of the day of Monday arrived four-five persons of the Chechen nationality, which threatened with the object, similar to the knife, they thrashed the director of enterprise and other located there colleagues, stole about 200 thousand Lithuanian (near €shch8 of tys.)".

"interfaks" reported that one of the Chechens was delayed.

Meanwhile the newspaper Lietuvos rytas, informing about this incident, asserted that the beatings to the director of enterprise Sergey Savelyev and to other workers applied about 10 Chechens, who live in the center of the registration of foreigners in Pabrade. It did not communicate about the reasons for fight.

In Pabrade of more than 10 years acts TSRI, where the citizens of foreign states expect the resolutions of the organs of authority either it is ship Lithuania about their dispatch into the countries, from which they arrived, or the assignment of residence permit.

In connection with the wide resonance of that occurred "the Caucasus- center" conducted its own investigation of this case in Pabrade and this is what it explained.

Already for a long time the woodworking enterprise Pabrade, which leads Russian director Sergey Savelyev, uses illegal labor of refugees from the different countries of those proving to be in Lithuania, paying out by them scanty wage in 20 Lithuanian in a 24 hour period (about 6 Euro-).

Against the management of factory personally against Savelyev repeatedly were excited the criminal cases for the facts of deviation from the payment of taxes and illegal the use of labor of nelegalov; however, every time to Savelyev it was possible to leave by dry from the water. The fact is that nelegaly rejected to give indications against Savelyev, since they feared to lose work and means to existence.

Some Chechen refugees, who live in the center of the registration of foreigners in Pabrade also worked at this enterprise on the position of nelegalov.

On Monday on 29 January, 2007, one of the Chechens arrived into the administration of factory, that to obtain its wage of 100 Lithuanian (about 30 Euro-). When it visited into the administration there at this time they drank.

The excited by alcoholic beverages company headed by director Savelyev proposed to Chechen to drink together with them. However, that refused, after stating that he does not drink.

Refusal to drink together with them insulted director and the members of the administration of factory. They began to explain, why Chechen does not want with them to drink.

Little by little arose quarrel. Drunk crowd headed by director Savelyev, his deputy and other leading members of the administration of factory they attacked the Chechen and him severely.

The blood-stainedded Chechen hardly reached the place of his stay in the center of the registration of foreigners and described that it happened of it.

On the second day on 30 January 2007, of 6 Chechen refugees together with the hackneyed tribesman arrived to the plant, that to explain the reason for the cruelty of Russian director and his subordinates; however, them they did not release to the territory of plant and in the rough, unquotable form proposed to be removed further.

As the answer the group of Chechens broke in door and with the force entered to the territory of the plant, where them, as it seemed, waited about 25 people of those armed by steel frameworks, nail extractors, iron twigs and pipes.

One hidden near entrance of the armed swell fellows, delivered the impact by nail extractor on head of one of the Chechens. The rest attacked following this the Chechens. In the severe fight the Chechens pulled out in some of the swell fellows their weapon, and it used against them. None of the Chechens not was armed neither knife nor stick.

After a certain time after the beginning of slaughter the police, which arrested his victim, crippled by severe beatings Chechen, arrived instead of the criminal of Savelyev.

Another participant in the fight from the number of Chechens, whom they struck the head by nail extractor, is situated in the resuscitation in grave condition.

There is not about what "robbery" of 200 thousand Lithuanian speech. About this perfectly well they know in the police, but they keep silent.

Astonishes very behavior of the Lithuanian police, which gave into the press frank disinformation about this scandalous case of gangsterism from the side of Russian director and his accomplices, who arranged mass slaughter only for that reason, that the Chechen refused to drink alcoholic.

According to the information "KTS" of the Chechen, whom severely the Russian criminals, they want to now occur in the role of the "instigator" of fight. Meanwhile main instigator and criminal Savelyev attempts to use their connections, that to again avoid responsibility for its crimes and cruelty.

Source "KTS" also reports that the work of factory Pabrade is temporarily stopped, since the police conducts investigation actions relative to all circumstances of that occurred.

It would be desirable to believe that the police of Lithuania investigates this scandalous crime of Russian director without the political predilections and the propagandistic pressure, who provokes in some Lithuanian OF THE MEDIA by Russian special services.

Musa Stone

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THE PROPHECY OF JOEL

JOEL, whose name, according to St. Jerome, signifies The Lord God: or, as others say, The Coming Down of God: prophesied about the same time in the kingdom of Judea, as Osee did in the kingdom of Israel. He foretells under figure the great evils that were coming upon the people for their sins: earnestly exhorts them to repentance: and comforts them with the promise of a Teacher of Justice, viz., Christ Jesus Our Lord, and of the coming down of his Holy Spirit.Joel Chapter 1

The prophet describes the judgments that shall fall upon the people, and invites them to fasting and prayer. 1:1. The word of the Lord, that came to Joel, the son of Phatuel.
1:2. Hear this, ye old men, and give ear, all ye inhabitants of the land: did this ever happen in your days, or in the days of your fathers?
1:3. Tell ye of this to your children, and let your children tell their children, and their children to another generation.
1:4. That which the palmerworm hath left, the locust hath eaten: and that which the locust hath left, the bruchus hath eaten: and that which tbe bruchus hath left, the mildew hath destroyed.
That which the palmerworm hath left, etc... Some understand this literally of the desolation of the land by these insects: others understand it of the different invasions of the Chaldeans, or other enemies.
1:5. Awake, ye that are drunk, and weep, and mourn all ye that take delight; in drinking sweet wine: for it is cut off from your mouth.
1:6. For a nation come up upon my land, strong, and without number: his teeth are like the teeth of a lion: and his cheek teeth as of a lion’s whelp.
1:7. He hath laid my vineyard waste, and hath pilled off the bark of my fig tree: he hath stripped it bare, and cast it away; the branches thereof are made white.
1:8. Lament like a virgin girded with sackcloth for the husband of her youth.
1:9. Sacrifice and libation is cut off from the house of the Lord: the priests, the Lord’s ministers, have mourned:
1:10. The country is destroyed, the ground hath mourned: for the corn is wasted, the wine is confounded, the oil hath languished.
1:11. The husbandmen are ashamed, the vinedressers have howled for the wheat, and for the barley, because the harvest of the field is perished.
1:12. The vineyard is confounded, and the fig tree hath languished: the pomegranate tree, and the palm tree, and the apple tree, and all the trees of the field are withered: because joy is withdrawn from the children of men.
1:13. Gird yourselves, and lament, O ye priests, howl, ye ministers of the altars: go in, lie in sackcloth, ye ministers of my God: because sacrifice and libation is cut off from the house of your God.
1:14. Sanctify ye a fast, call an assembly, gather together the ancients, all the inhabitants of the land into the house of your God: and cry ye to the Lord:
1:15. Ah, ah, ah, for the day: because the day of the Lord is at hand, and it shall come like destruction from the mighty.
1:16 Is not your food cut off before your eyes, joy and gladness from the house of our God?
1:17. The beasts have rotted in their dung, the barns are destroyed, the storehouses are broken down: because the corn is confounded.
1:18. Why did the beasts groan, why did the herds of cattle low? because there is no pasture for them: yea, and the flocks of sheep are perished.
1:19. To thee, O Lord, will I cry: because fire hath devoured the beautiful places of the wilderness: and the flame hath burnt all the trees of the country.
1:20. Yea, and the beasts of the field have looked up to thee, as a garden bed that thirsteth after rain, for the springs of waters are dried up, and fire hath devoured the beautiful places of the wilderness.
Joel Chapter 2

2:1. Blow ye the trumpet in Sion, sound an alarm in my holy mountain, let all the inhabitants of the land tremble: because the day of the Lord cometh, because it is nigh at hand. The day of the Lord... That is, the time when he will execute justice upon sinners.
2:2. A day of darkness, and of gloominess, a day of clouds and whirlwinds: a numerous and strong people as the morning spread upon the mountains: the like to it hath not been from the beginning, nor shall be after it, even to the years of generation and generation.
A numerous and strong people... The Assyrians, or Chaldeans. Others understand all this of an army of locusts laying waste the land.
2:3. Before the face thereof a devouring fire, and behind it a burning flame: the land is like a garden of pleasure before it, and behind it a desolate wilderness, neither is there any one that can escape it.
2:4. The appearance of them is as the appearance of horses, and they shall run like horsemen.
2:5. They shall leap like the noise of chariots upon the tops of mountains, like the noise of a flame of fire devouring the stubble, as a strong people prepared to battle.
2:6. At their presence the people shall be in grievous pains: all faces shall be made like a kettle.
2:7. They shall run like valiant men: like men of war they shall scale the wall: the men shall march every one on his way, and they shall not turn aside from their ranks.
2:8. No one shall press upon his brother: they shall walk every one in his path: yea, and they shall fall through the windows, and shall take no harm.
2:9. They shall enter into the city: they shall run upon the wall, they shall climb up the houses, they shall come in at the windows, as a thief.
2:10. At their presence the earth hath trembled, the heavens are moved: the sun and moon are darkened, and the stars have withdrawn their shining.
2:11. And the Lord hath uttered his voice before the face of his army: for his armies are exceedingly great, for they are strong, and execute his word: for the day of the Lord is great and very terrible: and who can stand it?
2:12. Now, therefore, saith the Lord. Be converted to me with all your heart, in fasting, and in weeping, and mourning.
2:13. And rend your hearts, and not your garments and turn to the Lord your God: for he is gracious and merciful, patient and rich in mercy, and ready to repent of the evil.
2:14. Who knoweth but he will return, and forgive, and leave a blessing behind him, sacrifice and libation to the Lord your God?
2:15. Blow the trumpet in Sion, sanctify a fast, call a solemn assembly,
2:16. Gather together the people, sanctify the church, assemble the ancients, gather together the little ones, and them that suck at the breasts: let the bridegroom go forth from his bed, and the bride out of her bridal chamber.
2:17. Between the porch and the altar the priests, the Lord’s ministers, shall weep, and shall say: Spare, O Lord, spare thy people: and give not thy inheritane to reproach, that the heathens should rule over them. Why should they say among the nations: Where is their God?
2:18. The Lord hath been zealons for his land, and hath spared his people.
2:19 And the Lord answered, and said to his people: Behold I will send you corn, and wine, and oil, and you shall be filled with them: and I will no more make you a reproach among the nations.
2:20. And I will remove far off from you the northern enemy: and I will drive him into a land unpassable, and desert, with his face towards the east sea, and his hinder part towards the utmost sea: and his stench shall ascend, and his rottenness shall go up, because he hath done proudly.
The northern enemy... Some understand this of Holofernes and his army: others, of the locusts.
2:21. Fear not, O land, be g1ad, and rejoice: for the Lord hath done great things.
2:22. Fear not, ye beasts of the fields: for the beautiful places of the wilderness are sprung, for the tree hath brought forth its fruit, the fig tree, and the vine have yielded their strength.
2:23. And you, O children of Sion, rejoice, and be joyful in the Lord your God: because he hath given you a teacher of justice, and he will make the early and the latter rain to come down to you as in the beginning.
2:24. And the floors shall be filled with wheat, and the presses shall overfiow with wine, and oil.
2:25. And I will restore to you the years which the locust, and the bruchus, and the mildew, and the palmerworm hath eaten; my great host which I sent upon you.
2:26. And you shall eat in plenty, and shall be filled and you shall praise the name of the Lord your God; who hath done wonders with you, and my people shall not be confounded for ever.
2:27. And you shall know that I am in the midst of Israel: and I am the Lord yonr God, and there is none besides: and my people shall not be confounded forever.
2:28. And it shall come to pass after this, that I will pour out my spirit upon all flesh: and your sons and your daughters shall prophesy: your old men shall dream dreams, and your young men shall see visions.
2:29. Moreover, upon my servants and handmaids in those days I will pour forth my spirit.
2:30. And I will shew wonders in heaven; and in earth, blood, and fire, and vapour of smoke.
2:31. The sun shall be turned into darkness, and the moon into blood: before the great and dreadful day of the Lord doth come.
2:32. And it shall come to pass, that every one that shall call upon the name of the Lord, shall be saved: for in Mount Sion, and in Jerusalem shall be salvation, as the Lord hath said, and in the residue whom the Lord shall call.
Joel Chapter 3

3:1. For behold in those days, and in that time when I shall bring back the captivity of Juda, and Jerusalem: 3:2. I will gather together all nations and will bring them down into the valley of Josaphat: and I will plead with them there for my people, and for my inheritance, Israel, whom they have scattered among the nations, and have parted my land.
3:3. And they have cast lots upon my people: and the boy they have put in the stews, and the girl they have sold for wine, that they might drink.
3:4. But what have you to do with me, O Tyre, and Sidon, and all the coast of the Philistines? will you revenge yourselves on me? and if you revenge yourselves on me, I will very soon return you a recompense upon your own head.
3:5. For you have taken away my silver, and my gold: and my desirable, and most beantiful things you have carried into your temples.
3:6. And the children of Juda, and the children of Jerusalem, you have sold to the children of the Greeks, that you might remove them far off from their own country.
3:7. Behold, I will raise them up out of the place wherein you have sold them: and I will return your recompense upon your own heads.
3:8. And I will sell yonr sons, and your daughters, by the hands of the children of Juda, and they shall sell them to the Sabeans, a nation far off, for the Lord hath spoken it.
3:9. Proclaim ye this among the nations: Prepare war, raise up the strong: let them come, let all the men of war come up.
3:10. Cut your ploughshares into swords, and your spades into spears. Let the weak say: I am strong.
3:11. Break forth, and come, all ye nations from round about, and gather yourselves together: there will the Lord cause all thy strong ones to fall down.
3:12. Let them arise, and let the nations come up into the valley of Josaphat: for there I will sit to judge all nations round about.
3:13. Put ye in the sickles, for the harvest is ripe: come and go down, for the press is full, the fats run over: for their wickedness is multiplied.
3:14. Nations, nations in the valley of destruction: for the day of the Lord is near in the valley of destruction.
3:15. The sun and the moon are darkened, and the stars have withdrawn their shining.
3:16. And the Lord shall roar out of Sion, and utter his voice from Jerusalem: and the heavens and the earth shall be moved, and the Lord shall be the hope of his people, and the strength of the children of Israel.
3:17. And you shall know that I am the Lord your God, dwelling in Sion, my holy monntain: and Jerusalem shall be holy, and strangers shall pass through it no more.
3:18. And it shall come to pass in that day, that the mountains shall drop down sweetness, aud the hills shall flow with milk: and waters shall flow through all the rivers of Juda: and a fountain shall come forth of the house of the Lord, and shall water the torrent of thorns.
A fountain shall come forth of the house of the Lord, etc... Viz., the fountain of grace in the church militant, and of glory in the church triumphant: which shall water the torrent or valley of thorns, that is, the souls that before, like barren ground brought forth nothing but thorns; or that were afflicted with the thorns of crosses and tribulations.
3:19. Egypt shall be a desolation, and Edom a wilderness destroyed: because they have done unjustly against the children of Juda, and have shed innocent blood in their land.
3:20. And Judea shall be inhabited for ever, and Jerusalem to generation and generation.
Judea - and Jerusalem... That is, the spiritual Jerusalem, viz., the church of Christ.
3:21. And I will cleanse their blood, which I had not cleansed: and the Lord will dwell in Sion.

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THE PROPHECY OF ABDIAS

ABDIAS, whose name is interpreted THE SERVANT OF THE LORD, is believed to have prophesied about the same time as OSEE, JOEL, and AMOS: though some of the Hebrews, who believe him to be the same with ACHAB’s steward, make him much more ancient. His prophecy is the shortest of any in number of words, but yields to none, says ST. JEROME, in the sublimity of mysteries. It contains but one chapter.Abdias Chapter 1

The destruction of Edom for their pride: and the wrongs they did to Jacob: the salvation and victory of Israel. 1:1. The vision of Abdias. Thus saith the Lord God to Edom:
We have heard a rumour from the Lord, and he hath sent an ambassador to the nations: Arise, and let us rise up to battle against him.
1:2. Behold I have made thee small among the nations: thou art exceeding contemptible.
1:3. The pride of thy heart hath lifted thee up, who dwellest in the clefts of the rocks, and settest up thy throne on high: who sayest in thy heart: Who shall bring me down to the ground?
1:4. Though thou be exalted as an eagle, and though thou set thy nest among the stars: thence will I bring thee down, saith the Lord.
1:5. If thieves had gone in to thee, if robbers by night, how wouldst thou have held thy peace? would they not have stolen till they had enough? if the grapegatherers had come in to thee, would they not have left thee at the least a cluster?
1:6. How have they searched Esau, how have they sought out his hidden things?
1:7. They have sent thee out even to the border: all the men of thy confederacy have deceived thee: the men of thy peace have prevailed against thee: they that eat with thee shall lay snares under thee: there is no wisdom in him.
1:8. Shall not I in that day, saith the Lord, destroy the wise out of Edom, and understanding out of the mount of Esau?
1:9. And thy valiant men of the south shall be afraid, that man may be cut off from the mount of Esau.
1:10. For the slaughter, and for the iniquity against thy brother Jacob, confusion shall cover thee, and thou shalt perish for ever.
1:11. In the day when thou stoodest against him, when strangers carried away his army captive, and foreigners entered into his gates, and cast lots upon Jerusalem: thou also wast as one of them.
1:12. But thou shalt not look on in the day of thy brother, in the day of his leaving his country: and thou shalt not rejoice over the children of Juda, in the day of their destruction: and thou shalt not magnify thy mouth in the day of distress.
Thou shalt not look, etc... or, thou shouldst not, etc. It is a reprehension for what they had done, and at the same time a declaration that these things should not pass unpunished.-Ibid. Thou shalt not magnify thy mouth... That is, thou shalt not speak arrogantly against the children of Juda as insulting them in their distress.
1:13. Neither shalt thou enter into the gate of my people in the day of their ruin: neither shalt thou also look on in his evils in the day of his calamity: and thou shalt not be sent out against his army in the day of his desolation.
1:14. Neither shalt thou stand in the crossways to kill them that flee: and thou shalt not shut up them that remain of him in the day of tribulation.
1:15. For the day of the Lord is at hand upon all nations: as thou hast done, so shall it be done to thee: he will turn thy reward upon thy own head.
1:16. For as you have drunk upon my holy mountain, so all nations shall drink continually: and they shall drink, and sup up, and they shall be as though they were not.
1:17. And in mount Sion shall be salvation, and it shall be holy, and the house of Jacob shall possess those that possessed them.
1:18. And the house of Jacob shall be a fire, and the house of Joseph a flame, and the house of Esau stubble: and they shall be kindled in them, and shall devour them: and there shall be no remains of the house of Esau, for the Lord hath spoken it.
1:19. And they that are toward the south, shall inherit the mount of Esau, and they that are in the plains, the Philistines: and they shall possess the country of Ephraim, and the country of Samaria: and Benjamin shall possess Galaad.
1:20. And the captivity of this host of the children of Israel, all the places of the Chanaanites even to Sarepta: and the captivity of Jerusalem that is in Bosphorus, shall possess the cities of the south.
1:21. And saviours shall come up into mount Sion to judge the mount of Esau: and the kingdom shall be for the Lord.

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THE PROPHECY OF AMOS

AMOS prophesied in Israel about the same time as Osee: and was called from following the cattle to denounce GOD’S judgments to the people of Israel, and the neighbouring nations, for their repeated crimes, in which they continued without repentance.Amos Chapter 1

The prophet threatens Damascus, Gaza, Tyre, Edom, and Ammon with the judgments of God, for their obstinacy in sin. 1:1. The words of Amos, who was among the herdsmen of Thecua: which he saw concerning Israel in the days of Ozias king of Juda, and in the days of Jeroboam the son of Joas king of Israel two years before the earthquake.
The earthquake... Many understand this of a great earthquake, which they say was felt at the time that king Ozias attempted to offer incense in the temple. But the best chronologists prove that the earthquake here spoken of must have been before that time: because Jeroboam the second, under whom Amos prophesied, was dead long before that attempt of Ozias.
1:2. And he said: The Lord will roar from Sion, and utter his voice from Jerusalem: and the beautiful places of the shepherds have mourned, and the top of Carmel is withered.
1:3. Thus saith the Lord: For three crimes of Damascus, and for four I will not convert it: because they have thrashed Galaad with iron wains.
For three crimes-and for four... That is, for their many unrepented of crimes.-Ibid. I will not convert it... That is, I will not spare them, nor turn away the punishments I design to inflict upon them.
1:4. And I will send a fire into the house of Azael, and it shall devour the houses of Benadad.
1:5. And I will break the bar of Damascus: and I will cut off the inhabitants from the plain of the idol, and him that holdeth the sceptre from the house of pleasure: and the people of Syria shall be carried away to Cyrene, saith the Lord.
1:6. Thus saith the Lord: For three crimes of Gaza, and for four I will not convert it: because they have carried away a perfect captivity to shut them up in Edom.
1:7. And I will send a fire on the wall of Gaza, and it shall devour the houses thereof.
1:8. And I will cut off the inhabitant from Azotus, and him that holdeth the sceptre from Ascalon: and I will turn my hand against Accaron, and the rest of the Philistines shall perish, saith the Lord God.
1:9. Thus saith the Lord: For three crimes of Tyre, and for four I will not convert it: because they have shut up an entire captivity in Edom, and have not remembered the covenant of brethren.
1:10. And I will send a fire upon the wall of Tyre, and it shall devour the houses thereof.
1:11. Thus saith the Lord: For three crimes of Edom, and for four I will not convert him: because he hath pursued his brother with the sword, and hath carried on his fury, and hath kept his wrath to the end.
1:12. I will send a fire into Theman: and it shall devour the houses of Bosra.
1:13. Thus saith the Lord: For three crimes of the children of Ammon, and for four I will not convert him: because he hath ripped up the women with child of Galaad to enlarge his border.
1:14. And I will kindle a fire in the wall of Rabba: and it shall devour the houses thereof with shouting in the day of battle, and with a whirlwind in the day of trouble.
1:15. And Melchom shall go into captivity, both he, and his princes together, saith the Lord.
Melchom... The god or idol of the Ammonites, otherwise called Moloch, and Melech: which in Hebrew signifies a king, and Melchom their king.
Amos Chapter 2

The judgments with which God threatens Moab, Juda, and Israel for their sins, and their ingratitude. 2:1. Thus saith the Lord: For three crimes of Moab, and for four I will not convert him: because he hath burnt the bones of the king of Edom even to ashes.
2:2. And I will send a fire into Moab, and it shall devour the houses of Carioth: and Moab shall die with a noise, with the sound of the trumpet:
2:3. And I will cut off the judge from the midst thereof, and will slay all his princes with him, saith the Lord.
2:4. Thus saith the Lord: For three crimes of Juda, and for four I will not convert him: because he hath cast away the law of the Lord, and hath not kept his commandments: for their idols have caused them to err, after which their fathers have walked.
2:5. And I will send a fire into Juda, and it shall devour the houses of Jerusalem.
2:6. Thus saith the Lord: For three crimes of Israel, and for four I will not convert him: because he hath sold the just man for silver, and the poor man for a pair of shoes.
2:7. They bruise the heads of the poor upon the dust of the earth, and turn aside the way of the humble: and the son and his father have gone to the same young woman, to profane my holy name.
2:8. And they sat down upon garments laid to pledge by every altar: and drank the wine of the condemned in the house of their God.
2:9. Yet I cast out the Amorrhite before their face: whose height was like the height of cedars, and who was strong as an oak: and I destroyed his fruit from above, and his roots beneath.
2:10. It is I that brought you up out of the land of Egypt, and I led you forty years through the wilderness, that you might possess the land of the Amorrhite.
2:11. And I raised up of your sons for prophets, and of your young men for Nazarites. Is it not so, O ye children of Israel, saith the Lord?
2:12. And you will present wine to the Nazarites: and command the prophets, saying: Prophesy not.
2:13. Behold, I will screak under you as a wain screaketh that is laden with hay.
I will screak... Unable to bear any longer the enormous load of your sins, etc. The spirit of God, as St. Jerome takes notice, accommodates himself to the education of the prophet and inspires him with comparisons taken from country affairs.
2:14. And flight shall perish from the swift, and the valiant shall not possess his strength, neither shall the strong save his life.
2:15. And he that holdeth the bow shall not stand, and the swift of foot shall not escape, neither shall the rider of the horse save his life.
2:16. And the stout of heart among the valiant shall flee away naked in that day, saith the Lord.
Amos Chapter 3

The evils that shall fall upon Israel for their sins. 3:1. Hear the word that the Lord hath spoken concerning you, O ye children of Israel: concerning the whole family that I brought up out of the land of Egypt, saying:
3:2. You only have I known of all the families of the earth: therefore will I visit upon you all your iniquities.
Visit upon... That is, punish.
3:3. Shall two walk together except they be agreed?
3:4. Will a lion roar in the forest, if he have no prey? will the lion’s whelp cry out of his den, if he have taken nothing?
3:5. Will the bird fall into the snare upon the earth, if there be no fowler? Shall the snare be taken up from the earth, before it hath taken somewhat?
3:6. Shall the trumpet sound in a city, and the people not be afraid? Shall there be evil in a city, which the Lord hath not done?
Evil in a city... He speaks of the evil of punishments of war, famine, pestilence, desolation, etc., but not of the evil of sin, of which God is not the author.
3:7. For the Lord God doth nothing without revealing his secret to his servants the prophets.
3:8. The lion shall roar, who will not fear? The Lord God hath spoken, who shall not prophesy?
3:9. Publish it in the houses of Azotus, and in the houses of the land of Egypt, and say: Assemble yourselves upon the mountains of Samaria, and behold the many follies in the midst thereof, and them that suffer oppression in the inner rooms thereof.
3:10. And they have not known to do the right thing, saith the Lord, storing up iniquity, and robberies in their houses.
3:11. Therefore thus saith the Lord God: The land shall be in tribulation, and shall be compassed about: and thy strength shall be taken away from thee, and thy houses shall be spoiled.
3:12. Thus saith the Lord: As if a shepherd should get out of the lion’s mouth two legs, or the tip of the ear: so shall the children of Israel be taken out that dwell in Samaria, in a place of a bed, and in the couch of Damascus.
3:13. Hear ye, and testify in the house of Jacob, saith the Lord the God of hosts:
3:14. That in the day when I shall begin to visit the transgressions of Israel, I will visit upon him, and upon the altars of Bethel: and the horns of the altars shall be cut off, and shall fall to the ground.
3:15. And I will strike the winter house with the summer house: and the houses of ivory shall perish, and many houses shall be destroyed, saith the Lord.
Amos Chapter 4

The Israelites are reproved for their oppressing the poor, for their idolatry, and their incorrigibleness. 4:1. Hear this word, ye fat kine that are in the mountains of Samaria: you that oppress the needy, and crush the poor: that say to your masters: Bring, and we will drink.
Fat kine... He means the great ones that lived in plenty and wealth.
4:2. The Lord God hath sworn by his holiness, that lo, the days shall come upon you, when they shall lift you up on pikes, and what shall remain of you in boiling pots.
4:3. And you shall go out at the breaches one over against the other, and you shall be cast forth into Armon, saith the Lord.
Armon... A foreign country; some understand it of Armenia.
4:4. Come ye to Bethel, and do wickedly: to Galgal, and multiply transgressions: and bring in the morning your victims, your tithes in three days.
4:5. And offer a sacrifice of praise with leaven: and call free offerings, and proclaim it: for so you would do, O children of Israel, saith the Lord God.
4:6. Whereupon I also have given you dulness of teeth in all your cities, and want of bread in all your places: yet you have not returned to me, saith the Lord.
4:7. I also have withholden the rain from you, when there were yet three months to the harvest: and I caused it to rain upon on city, and caused it not to rain upon another city: one piece was rained upon: and the piece whereupon I rained not, withered.
4:8. And two and three cities went to one city to drink water, and were not filled: yet you returned not to me, saith the Lord.
4:9. I struck you with a burning wind, and with mildew, the palmerworm hath eaten up your many gardens, and your vineyards: your olive groves, and fig groves: yet you returned not to me, saith the Lord.
4:10. I sent death upon you in the way of Egypt, I slew your young men with the sword, even to the captivity of your horses: and I made the stench of your camp to come up into your nostrils: yet you returned not to me, saith the Lord.
4:11. I destroyed some of you, as God destroyed Sodom and Gomorrha, and you were as a firebrand plucked out of the burning: yet you returned not to me, saith the Lord.
4:12. Therefore I will do these things to thee, O Israel: and after I shall have done these things to thee, be prepared to meet thy God, O Israel.
4:13. For behold he that formeth the mountains and createth the wind, and declareth his word to man, he that maketh the morning mist, and walketh upon the high places of the earth: the Lord the God of hosts is his name.
Amos Chapter 5

A lamentation for Israel: an exhortation to return to God. 5:1. Hear ye this word, which I take up concerning you for a lamentation. The house of Israel is fallen, and it shall rise no more.
5:2. The virgin of Israel is cast down upon her land, there is none to raise her up.
5:3. For thus saith the Lord God: The city, out of which came forth a thousand, there shall be left in it a hundred: and out of which there came a hundred, there shall be left in it ten, in the house of Israel.
5:4. For thus saith the Lord to the house of Israel: Seek ye me, and you shall live.
5:5. But seek not Bethel, and go not into Galgal, neither shall you pass over to Bersabee: for Galgal shall go into captivity, and Bethel shall be unprofitable.
Bethel,-Galgal,-Bersabee... The places where they worshipped their idols.
5:6. Seek ye the Lord, and live: lest the house of Joseph be burnt with fire, and it shall devour, and there shall be none to quench Bethel.
5:7. You that turn judgment into wormwood, and forsake justice in the land,
5:8. Seek him that maketh Arcturus, and Orion, and that turneth darkness into morning, and that changeth day into night: that calleth the waters of the sea, and poureth them out upon the face of the earth: The Lord is his name.
Arcturus and Orion... Arcturus is a bright star in the north: Orion a beautiful constellation in the south.
5:9. He that with a smile bringeth destruction upon the strong, and waste upon the mighty.
With a smile... That is, with all ease, and without making any effort.
5:10. They have hated him that rebuketh in the gate: and have abhorred him that speaketh perfectly.
5:11. Therefore because you robbed the poor, and took the choice prey from him: you shall build houses with square stone, and shall not dwell in them: you shall plant most delightful vineyards, and shall not drink the wine of them.
5:12. Because I know your manifold crimes, and your grievous sins: enemies of the just, taking bribes, and oppressing the poor in the gate.
5:13. Therefore the prudent shall keep silence at that time, for it is an evil time.
5:14. Seek ye good, and not evil, that you may live: and the Lord the God of hosts will be with you, as you have said.
5:15. Hate evil, and love good, and establish judgment in the gate: it may be the Lord the God of hosts may have mercy on the remnant of Joseph.
5:16. Therefore thus saith the Lord the God of hosts the sovereign Lord: In every street there shall be wailing: and in all places that are without, they shall say: Alas, alas! and they shall call the husbandman to mourning, and such as are skilful in lamentation to lament.
5:17. And in all vineyards there shall be wailing: because I will pass through in the midst of thee, saith the Lord.
5:18. Woe to them that desire the day of the Lord: to what end is it for you? the day of the Lord is darkness, and not light.
5:19. As if a man should flee from the face of a lion, and a bear should meet him: or enter into the house, and lean with his hand upon the wall, and a serpent should bite him.
5:20. Shall not the day of the Lord be darkness, and not light: and obscurity, and no brightness in it?
5:21. I hate, and have rejected your festivities: and I will not receive the odour of your assemblies.
5:22. And if you offer me holocausts, and your gifts, I will not receive them: neither will I regard the vows of your fat beasts.
5:23. Take away from me the tumult of thy songs: and I will not hear the canticles of thy harp.
5:24. But judgment shall be revealed as water, and justice as a mighty torrent.
5:25. Did you offer victims and sacrifices to me in the desert for forty years, O house of Israel?
Did you offer, etc... Except the sacrifices that were offered at the first, in the dedication of the tabernacle, the Israelites offered no sacrifices in the desert.
5:26.But you carried a tabernacle for your Moloch, and the image of your idols, the star of your god, which you made to yourselves.
A tabernacle, etc... All this alludes to the idolatry which they committed, when they were drawn away by the daughters of Moab to the worship of their gods. Num. 25.
5:27. And I will cause you to go into captivity beyond Damascus, saith the Lord, the God of hosts is his name.
Amos Chapter 6

The desolation of Israel for their pride and luxury. 6:1. Woe to you that are wealthy in Sion, and to you that have confidence in the mountain of Samaria: ye great men, heads of the people, that go in with state into the house of Israel.
6:2. Pass ye over to Chalane, and see, and go from thence into Emath the great: and go down into Geth of the Philistines, and to all the best kingdoms of these: if their border be larger than your border.
6:3. You that are separated unto the evil day: and that approach to the throne of iniquity;
6:4. You that sleep upon beds of ivory, and are wanton on your couches: that eat the lambs out of the flock, and the calves out of the midst of the herd;
6:5. You that sing to the sound of the psaltery: they have thought themselves to have instruments of music like David;
6:6. That drink wine in bowls, and anoint themselves with the best ointments: and they are not concerned for the affliction of Joseph.
6:7. Wherefore now they shall go captive at the head of them that go into captivity: and the faction of the luxurious ones shall be taken away.
6:8. The Lord God hath sworn by his own soul, saith the Lord the God of hosts: I detest the pride of Jacob, and I hate his houses, and I will deliver up the city with the inhabitants thereof.
6:9. And if there remain ten men in one house, they also shall die.
6:10. And a man’s kinsman shall take him up, and shall burn him, that he may carry the bones out of the house; and he shall say to him that is in the inner rooms of the house: Is there yet any with thee?
6:11. And he shall answer: There is an end. And he shall say to him: Hold thy peace, and mention not the name of the Lord.
6:12. For behold the Lord hath commanded, and he will strike the greater house with breaches, and the lesser house with clefts.
6:13. Can horses run upon the rocks, or can any one plough with buffles? for you have turned judgment into bitterness, and the fruit of justice into wormwood.
6:14. You that rejoice in a thing of nought: you that say: Have we not taken unto us horns by our own strength?
6:15. But behold, I will raise up a nation against you, O house of Israel, saith the Lord the God of hosts; and they shall destroy you from the entrance of Emath, even to the torrent of the desert.
Amos Chapter 7

The prophet sees, in three visions, evils coming upon Israel: he is accused of treason by the false priest of Bethel. 7:1. These things the Lord God shewed to me: and behold the locust was formed in the beginning of the shooting up of the latter rain, and lo, it was the latter rain after the king’s mowing.
The locust, etc... These judgments by locusts and fire, which, by the prophet’s intercession, were moderated, signify the former invasions of the Assyrians under Phul and Theglathphalasar, before the utter desolation of Israel by Salmanasar.
7:2. And it came to pass, that when they had made an end of eating the grass of the land, I said: O Lord God, be merciful, I beseech thee: who shall raise up Jacob, for he is very little?
7:3. The Lord had pity upon this: It shall not be, said the Lord.
7:4. These things the Lord God shewed to me: and behold the Lord called for judgment unto fire, and it devoured the great deep, and ate up a part at the same time.
7:5. And I said: O Lord God, cease, I beseech thee, who shall raise up Jacob, for he is a little one?
7:6. The Lord had pity upon this. Yea this also shall not be, said the Lord God.
7:7. These things the Lord shewed to me: and behold the Lord was standing upon a plastered wall, and in his hand a mason’s trowel.
7:8. And the Lord said to me: What seest thou, Amos? And I said: A mason’s trowel. And the Lord said: Behold, I will lay down the trowel in the midst of my people Israel. I will plaster them over no more.
7:9. And the high places of the idol shall be thrown down, and the sanctuaries of Israel shall be laid waste: and I will rise up against the house of Jeroboam with the sword.
7:10. And Amasias the priest of Bethel sent to Jeroboam king of Israel, saying: Amos hath rebelled against thee in the midst of the house of Israel: the land is not able to bear all his words.
7:11. For thus saith Amos: Jeroboam shall die by the sword, and Israel shall be carried away captive out of their own land.
Jeroboam shall die by the sword... The prophet did not say this; but that the Lord would rise up against the house of Jeroboam with the sword: which was verified, when Zacharias, the son and successor of Jeroboam, was slain by the sword. 4 Kings 15.10.
7:12. And Amasias said to Amos: Thou seer, go, flee away into the land of Juda: and eat bread there, and prophesy there.
7:13. But prophesy not again any more in Bethel: because it is the king’s sanctuary, and it is the house of the kingdom.
7:14. And Amos answered and said to Amasias: I am not a prophet, nor am I the son of a prophet: but I am a herdsman plucking wild figs.
I am not a prophet... That is, I am not a prophet by education: nor is prophesying my calling or profession: but I am a herdsman, whom God was pleased to send hither to prophesy to Israel.
7:15. And the Lord took me when I followed the flock, and the Lord said to me: Go, prophesy to my people Israel.
7:16. And now hear thou the word of the Lord: Thou sayest, thou shalt not prophesy against Israel, and thou shalt not drop thy word upon the house of the idol.
The house of the idol... Viz., of the calf worshipped in Bethel.
7:17. Therefore thus saith the Lord: Thy wife shall play the harlot in the city, and thy sons and thy daughters shall fall by the sword, and thy land shall be measured by a line: and thou shalt die in a polluted land, and Israel shall go into captivity out of their land.
Amos Chapter 8

Under the figure of a hook, which bringeth down the fruit, the approaching desolation of Israel is foreshewed for their avarice and injustices. 8:1. These things the Lord shewed to me: and behold a hook to draw down the fruit.
8:2. And he said: What seest thou, Amos? And I said: A hook to draw down fruit. And the Lord said to me: The end is come upon my people Israel: I will not again pass by them any more.
8:3. And the hinges of the temple shall screak in that day, saith the Lord God: many shall die: silence shall be cast in every place.
8:4. Hear this, you that crush the poor, and make the needy of the land to fail,
8:5. Saying: When will the month be over, and we shall sell our wares: and the sabbath, and we shall open the corn: that we may lessen the measure, and increase the sicle, and may convey in deceitful balances,
8:6. That we may possess the needy for money, and the poor for a pair of shoes, and may sell the refuse of the corn?
8:7. The Lord hath sworn against the pride of Jacob: surely I will never forget all their works.
8:8. Shall not the land tremble for this, and every one mourn that dwelleth therein: and rise up altogether as a river, and be cast out, and run down as the river of Egypt?
8:9. And it shall come to pass in that day, saith the Lord God, that the sun shall go down at midday, and I will make the earth dark in the day of light:
8:10. And I will turn your feasts into mourning, and all your songs into lamentation: and I will bring up sackcloth upon every back of yours, and baldness upon every head: and I will make it as the mourning of an only son, and the latter end thereof as a bitter day.
8:11. Behold the days come, saith the Lord, and I will send forth a famine into the land: not a famine of bread, nor a thirst of water, but of hearing the word of the Lord.
8:12. And they shall move from sea to sea, and from the north to the east: they shall go about seeking the word of the Lord, and shall not find it.
8:13. In that day the fair virgins, and the young men shall faint for thirst.
8:14. They that swear by the sin of Samaria, and say: Thy God, O Dan, liveth: and the way of Bersabee liveth: and they shall fall, and shall rise no more.
Amos Chapter 9

The certainty of the desolation of Israel: the restoring of the tabernacle of David, and the conversion of the Gentiles to the church; which shall flourish for ever. 9:1. I saw the Lord standing upon the altar, and he said:
Strike the hinges, and let the lintels be shook: for there is covetousness in the head of them all, and I will slay the last of them with the sword: there shall be no flight for them: they shall flee, and he that shall flee of them shall not be delivered.
9:2. Though they go down even to hell, thence shall my hand bring them out: and though they climb up to heaven, thence will I bring them down.
9:3. And though they be hid in the top of Carmel, I will search and take them away from thence: and though they hide themselves from my eyes in the depth of the sea, there will I command the serpent and he shall bite them.
9:4. And if they go into captivity before their enemies, there will I command the sword, and it shall kill them. And I will set my eyes upon them for evil, and not for good.
9:5. And the Lord the God of hosts is he who toucheth the earth, and it shall melt: and all that dwell therein shall mourn: and it shall rise up as a river, and shall run down as the river of Egypt.
9:6. He that buildeth his ascension in heaven, and hath founded his bundle upon the earth: who calleth the waters of the sea, and poureth them out upon the face of the earth, the Lord is his name.
His ascension... That is, his high throne.-Ibid. His bundle... That is, his church bound up together by the bands of one faith and communion.
9:7. Are not you as the children of the Ethiopians unto me, O children of Israel, saith the Lord? did not I bring up Israel, out of the land of Egypt: and the Philistines out of Cappadocia, and the Syrians out of Cyrene?
As the children of the Ethiopians... That is, as black as they, by your iniquities.
9:8. Behold the eyes of the Lord God are upon the sinful kingdom, and I will destroy it from the face of the earth: but yet I will not utterly destroy the house of Jacob, saith the Lord.
9:9. For behold I will command, and I will sift the house of Israel among all nations, as corn is sifted in a sleve: and there shall not a little stone fall to the ground.
9:10. All the sinners of my people shall fall by the sword: who say: The evils shall not approach, and shall not come upon us.
9:11. In that day I will raise up the tabernacle of David, that is fallen: and I will close up the breaches of the walls thereof, and repair what was fallen: and I will rebuild it as in the days of old.
9:12. That they may possess the remnant of Edom, and all nations, because my name is invoked upon them: saith the Lord that doth these things.
9:13. Behold the days come, saith the Lord, when the ploughman shall overtake the reaper, and the treader of grapes him that soweth seed: and the mountains shall drop sweetness, and every hill shall be tilled.
Shall overtake, etc... By this is meant the great abundance of spiritual blessings; which, as it were, by a constant succession, shall enrich the church of Christ.
9:14. And I will bring back the captivity of my people Israel: and they shall build the abandoned cities, and inhabit them: and they shall plant vineyards, and drink the wine of them: and shall make gardens, and eat the fruits of them. And I will plant them upon their own land: and I will no more pluck them out of their land which I have given them, saith the Lord thy God.

[al_gy]

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THE BOOK OF JOSUE
This Book is called JOSUE, because it contains the history of what passed under him, and according to the common opinion was written by him. The Greeks call him Jesus: for Josue and Jesus in the Hebrew, are the same name, and have the same signification, viz., A SAVIOUR. And it was not without a mystery that he who was to bring the people into the land of promise should have his name changed from OSEE (for so he was called before, Num. 13.17,) to JOSUE or JESUS, to give us to understand, that Moses by his law could only bring the people within sight of the promised inheritance, but that our Saviour JESUS was to bring us into it.
Josue Chapter 1
Josue, encouraged by the Lord, admonisheth the people to prepare themselves to pass over the Jordan.
1:1. Now it came to pass after the death of Moses, the servant of the Lord, that the Lord spoke to Josue, the son of Nun, the minister of Moses, and said to him:
1:2. Moses my servant is dead: arise, and pass over this Jordan, thou and thy people with thee, into the land which I will give to the children of Israel.
1:3. I will deliver to you every place that the sole of your foot shall tread upon, as I have said to Moses.
1:4. From the desert, and from Libanus unto the great river Euphrates, all the land of the Hethites, unto the great sea toward the going down of the sun, shall be your border.
1:5. No man shall be able to resist you all the days of thy life: as I have been with Moses, so will I be with thee: I will not leave thee, nor forsake thee.
1:6. Take courage, and be strong: for thou shalt divide by lot to this people the land for which I swore to their fathers, that I would deliver it to them.
1:7. Take courage therefore, and be very valiant: that thou mayst observe and do all the law, which Moses my servant hath commanded thee: turn not from it to the right hand or to the left, that thou mayst understand all things which thou dost.
1:8. Let not the book of this law depart from thy mouth: but thou shalt meditate on it day and night, that thou mayst observe and do all things that are written in it: then shalt thou direct thy way, and understand it.
1:9. Behold I command thee, take courage, and be strong. Fear not, and be not dismayed: because the Lord thy God is with thee in all things whatsoever thou shalt go to.
1:10. And Josue commanded the princes of the people, saying: Pass through the midst of the camp, and command the people, and say:
1:11. Prepare your victuals: for after the third day you shall pass over the Jordan, and shall go in to possess the land, which the Lord your God will give you.
1:12. And he said to the Rubenites, and the Gadites, and the half tribe of Manasses:
1:13. Remember the word, which Moses the servant of the Lord commanded you, saying: The Lord your God hath given you rest, and all this land.
1:14. Your wives, and children; and cattle, shall remain in the land which Moses gave you on this side of the Jordan: but pass you over armed before your brethren all of you that are strong of hand, and fight for them,
1:15. Until the Lord give rest to your brethren, as he hath given you, and they also possess the land which the Lord your God will give them: and so you shall return into the land of your possession, and you shall dwell in it, which Moses the servant of the Lord gave you beyond the Jordan, toward the rising of the sun.
1:16. And they made answer to Josue, and said: All that thou hast commanded us, we will do: and whither soever thou shalt send us, we will go.
1:17. As we obeyed Moses in all things, so will we obey thee also: only be the Lord thy God with thee, as he was with Moses.
1:18. He that shall gainsay thy mouth, and not obey all thy words, that thou shalt command him, let him die: only take thou courage, and do manfully.
Josue Chapter 2
Two spies are sent to Jericho, who are received and concealed by Rahab.
2:1. And Josue, the son of Nun, sent from Setim two men, to spy secretly: and said to them: Go, and view the land, and the city of Jericho. They went, and entered into the house of a woman that was a harlot, named Rahab, and lodged with her.
2:2. And it was told the king of Jericho, and was said: Behold there are men come in hither, by night, of the children of Israel, to spy the land.
2:3. And the king of Jericho sent to Rahab, saying: Bring forth the men that came to thee, and are entered into thy house: for they are spies, and are come to view all the land.
2:4. And the woman taking the men, hid them, and said: I confess they came to me, but I knew not whence they were:
2:5. And at the time of shutting the gate in the dark, they also went out together. I know not whither they are gone: pursue after them quickly, and you will overtake them.
2:6. But she made the men go up to the top of her house, and covered them with the stalks of flax, which was there.
2:7. Now they that were sent, pursued after them, by the way that leadeth to the fords of the Jordan: and as soon as they were gone out, the gate was presently shut.
2:8. The men that were hid were not yet asleep, when behold the woman went up to them, and said:
2:9. I know that the Lord hath given this land to you: for the dread of you is fallen upon us, and all the inhabitants of the land have lost all strength.
2:10. We have heard that the Lord dried up the water of the Red Sea, at your going in, when you came out of Egypt: and what things you did to the two kings of the Amorrhites, that were beyond the Jordan, Sehon and Og whom you slew.
2:11. And at the hearing these things, we were affrighted, and our heart fainted away, neither did there remain any spirit in us, at your coming in: for the Lord your God he is God in heaven above, and in the earth beneath.
2:12. Now, therefore, swear ye to me by the Lord, that as I have shewed mercy to you, so you also will shew mercy to my father's house: and give me a true token.
2:13. That you will save my father and mother, my brethren and sisters, and all things that are theirs, and deliver our souls from death.
2:14. They answered her: Be our lives for you unto death, only if thou betray us not. And when the Lord shall have delivered us the land, we will shew thee mercy and truth.
2:15. Then she let them down with a cord out of a window: for her house joined close to the wall.
2:16. And she said to them: Get ye up to the mountains, lest perhaps they meet you as they return: and there lie ye hid three days, till they come back, and so you shall go on yonr way.
2:17. And they said to her: We shall be blameless of this oath, which thou hast made us swear,
2:18. If, when we come into the land, this scarlet cord be a sign, and thou tie it in the window, by which thou hast let us down: and gather together thy father and mother, and brethren, and all thy kindred into thy house.
2:19. Whosoever shall go out of the door of thy house, his blood shall be upon his own head, and we shall be quit. But the blood of all that shall be with thee in the house, shall light upon our head, if any man touch them.
2:20. But if thou wilt betray us, and utter this word abroad, we shall be quit of this oath, which thou hast made us swear.
2:21. And she answered: As you have spoken, so be it done: and sending them on their way, she hung the scarlet cord in the window.
2:22. But they went and came to the mountains, and stayed there three days, till they that pursued them were returned. For having sought them through all the way, they found them not.
2:23. And when they were gone back into the city, the spies returned, and came down from the mountain: and passing over the Jordan, they came to Josue, the son of Nun, and told him all that befel them,
2:24. And said: the Lord hath delivered all this land into our hands, and all the inhabitants thereof are overthrown with fear.
Josue Chapter 3
The river Jordan is miraculously dried up for the passage of the children of Israel.
3:1. And Josue rose before daylight, and removed the camp: and they departed from Setim, and came to the Jordan: he, and all the children of Israel, and they abode there for three days.
3:2. After which, the heralds went through the midst of the camp,
3:3. And began to proclaim: When you shall see the ark of the covenant of the Lord your God, and the priests of the race of Levi carrying it, rise you up also, and follow them as they go before:
3:4. And let there be between you and the ark the space of two thousand cubits: that you may see it afar off, and know which way you must go: for you have not gone this way before: and take care you come not near the ark.
3:5. And Josue said to the people: Be ye sanctified: for tomorrow the Lord will do wonders among you.
3:6. And he said to the priests: Take up the ark of the covenant, and go before the people. And they obeyed his commands, and took it up, and walked before them.
3:7. And the Lord said to Josue: This day will I begin to exalt thee before Israel: that they may know that as I was with Moses, so I am with thee also.
3:8. And do thou command the priests, that carry the ark of the covenant, and say to them: When you shall have entered into part of the water of the Jordan, stand in it.
3:9. And Josue said to the children of Israel: Come hither, and hear the word of the Lord your God.
3:10. And again he said: By this you shall know, that the Lord, the living God, is in the midst of you, and that he shall destroy, before your sight, the Chanaanite and the Hethite, the Hevite and the Pherezite, the Gergesite also, and the Jebusite, and the Amorrhite.
3:11. Behold, the ark of the covenant of the Lord of all the earth shall go before you into the Jordan.
3:12. Prepare ye twelve men of the tribes of Israel, one of every tribe.
3:13. And when the priests, that carry the ark of the Lord the God of the whole earth, shall set the soles of their feet in the waters of the Jordan, the waters that are beneath shall run down and go off: and those that come from above, shall stand together upon a heap.
3:14. So the people went out of their tents, to pass over the Jordan: and the priests that carried the ark of the covenant, went on before them.
3:15. And as soon as they came into the Jordan, and their feet were dipped in part of the water, (now the Jordan, it being harvest time, had filled the banks of its channel,)
3:16. The waters that came down from above stood in one place, and swelling up like a mountain, were seen afar off, from the city that is called Adom, to the place of Sarthan: but those that were beneath, ran down into the sea of the wilderness, (which now is called the Dead Sea) until they wholly failed.
3:17. And the people marched over against Jericho: and the priests that carried the ark of the covenant of the Lord, stood girded upon the dry ground in the midst of the Jordan, and all the people passed over, through the channel that was dried up.
Josue Chapter 4
Twelve stones are taken out of the river to be set up for a monument of the miracle; and other twelve are placed in the midst of the river.
4:1. And when they were passed over, the Lord said to Josue:
4:2. Choose twelve men, one of every tribe:
4:3. And command them to take out of the midst of the Jordan, where the feet of the priests stood, twelve very hard stones, which you shall set in the place of the camp, where you shall pitch your tents this night.
4:4. And Josue called twelve men, whom he had chosen out of the children of Israel, one out of every tribe,
4:5. And he said to them: Go before the ark of the Lord your God to the midst of the Jordan, and carry from thence every man a stone on your shoulders, according to the number of the children of Israel,
4:6. That it may be a sign among you: and when your children shall ask you tomorrow, saying: What means these stones?
4:7. You shall answer them: The waters of the Jordan ran off before the ark of the covenant of the Lord when it passed over the same: therefore were these stones set for a monument of the children of Israel forever.
4:8. The children of Israel therefore did as Josue commanded them, carrying out of the channel of the Jordan twelve stones, as the Lord had commanded him according to the number of the children of Israel unto the place wherein they camped, and there they set them.
4:9. And Josue put other twelve stones in the midst of the channel of the Jordan, where the priests stood that carried the ark of the covenant: and they are there until this present day.
4:10. Now the priests that carried the ark, stood in the midst of the Jordan, till all things were accomplished, which the Lord had commanded Josue to speak to the people, and Moses had said to him. And the people made haste, and passed over.
4:11. And when they had all passed over, the ark also of the Lord passed over, and the priests went before the people.
4:12. The children of Ruben also, and Gad, and half the tribe of Manasses, went armed before the children of Israel, as Moses had commanded them.
4:13. And forty thousand fighting men by their troops and bands, marched through the plains and fields of the city of Jericho.
4:14. In that day the Lord magnified Josue in the sight of all Israel, that they should fear him, as they had feared Moses, while he lived. 4:15. And he said to him:
4:16. Command the priests, that carry the ark of the covenant, to come up out of the Jordan.
4:17. And he commanded them, saying: Come ye up out of the Jordan.
4:18. And when they that carried the ark of the covenant of the Lord, were come up, and began to tread on the dry ground, the waters returned into their channel, and ran as they were wont before.
4:19. And the people came up out of the Jordan, the tenth day of the first month, and camped in Galgal, over against the east side of the city of Jericho.
4:20. And the twelve stones, which they had taken out of the channel of the Jordan, Josue pitched in Galgal,
4:21. And said to the children of Israel: When your children shall ask their fathers tomorrow, and shall say to them: What mean these stones?
4:22. You shall teach them, and say: Israel passed over this Jordan through the dry channel,
4:23. The Lord your God drying up the waters thereof in your sight, until you passed over:
4:24. As he had done before in the Red Sea, which he dried up till we passed through:
4:25. That all the people of the earth may learn the most mighty hand of the Lord, that you also may fear the Lord your God for ever.
Josue Chapter 5
The people are circumcised: they keep the pasch. The manna ceaseth. An angel appeareth to Josue.
5:1. Now when all the kings of the Amorrhites, who dwelt beyond the Jordan, westward, and all the kings of Chanaan, who possessed the places near the great sea, had heard that the Lord had dried up the waters of the Jordan before the children of Israel, till they passed over, their heart failed them, and there remained no spirit in them, fearing the coming in of the children of Israel.
5:2. At that time the Lord said to Josue: Make thee knives of stone, and circumcise the second time the children of Israel.
The second time... Not that such as had been circumcised before were to be circumcised again; but that they were now to renew, and take up again the practice of circumcision; which had been omitted during their forty years' sojourning in the wilderness; by reason of their being always uncertain when they should be obliged to march.
5:3. He did what the Lord had commanded, and he circumcised the children of Israel in the hill of the foreskins.
5:4. Now this is the cause of the second circumcision: All the people that came out of Egypt that were males, all the men fit for war, died in the desert, during the time of the long going about in the way:
5:6. Now these were all circumcised. But the people that were born in the desert,
5:6. During the forty years of the journey in the wide wilderness, were uncircumcised: till all they were consumed that had not heard the voice of the Lord, and to whom he had sworn before, that he would not shew them the land flowing with milk and honey.
5:7. The children of these succeeded in the place of their fathers, and were circumcised by Josue: for they were uncircumcised even as they were born, and no one had circumcised them in the way.
5:8. Now after they were all circumcised, they remained in the same place of the camp, until they were healed.
5:9. And the Lord said to Josue: This day have I taken away from you the reproach of Egypt. And the name of that place was called Galgal, until this present day.
5:10. And the children of Israel abode in Galgal, and they kept the phase, on the fourteenth day of the month at evening, in the plains of Jericho:
5:11. And they ate on the next day unleavened bread of the corn of the land, and frumenty of the same year.
5:12. And the manna ceased after they ate of the corn of the land, neither did the children of Israel use that food any more, but they ate of the corn of the present year of the land of Chanaan.
5:13. And when Josue was in the field of the city of Jericho, he lifted up his eyes, and saw a man standing over against him, holding a drawn sword, and he went to him, and said: Art thou one of ours, or of our adversaries?
5:14. And he answered: No: but I am prince of the host of the Lord, and now I am come.
Prince of the host of the Lord, etc... St. Michael, who is called prince of the people of Israel, Dan. 10.21.
5:15. Josue fell on his face to the ground. And worshipping, said: What saith my lord to his servant?
Worshipping... Not with divine honour, but with a religious veneration of an inferior kind, suitable to the dignity of his person.
5:16. Loose, saith he, thy shoes from off thy feet: for the place whereon thou standest is holy. And Josue did as was commanded him.
Josue Chapter 6
After seven days' processions, the priests sounding the trumpets, the walls of Jericho fall down: and the city is taken and destroyed.
6:1. Now Jericho was close shut up and fenced, for fear of the children of Israel, and no man durst go out or come in.
6:2. And the Lord said to Josue: Behold I have given into thy hands Jericho, and the king thereof, and all the valiant men.
6:3. Go round about the city all ye fighting men once a day: so shall ye do for six days.
6:4. And on the seventh day the priests shall take the seven trumpets, which are used in the jubilee, and shall go before the ark of the covenant: and you shall go about the city seven times, and the priests shall sound the trumpets.
6:5. And when the voice of the trumpet shall give a longer and broken tune, and shall sound in your ears, all the people shall shout together with a very great shout, and the walls of the city shall fall to the ground, and they shall enter in every one at the place against which they shall stand.
6:6. Then Josue, the son of Nun, called the priests, and said to them: Take the ark of the covenant: and let seven other priests take the seven trumpets of the jubilee, and march before the ark of the Lord.
6:7. And he said to the people: Go, and compass the city, armed, marching before the ark of the Lord.
6:8. And when Josue had ended his words, and the seven priests blew the seven trumpets before the ark of the covenant of the Lord,
6:9. And all the armed men went before, the rest of the common people followed the ark, and the sound of the trumpets was heard on all sides.
6:10. But Josue had commanded the people, saying: You shall not shout, nor shall your voice be heard, nor any word go out of your mouth: until the day come wherein I shall say to you: Cry, and shout.
6:11. So the ark of the Lord went about the city once a day, and returning into the camp, abode there.
6:12. And Josue rising before day, the priests took the ark of the Lord,
6:13. And seven of them seven trumpets, which are used in the jubilee: and they went before the ark of the Lord, walking and sounding the trumpets: and the armed men went before them, and the rest of the common people followed the ark, and they blew the trumpets.
6:14. And they went round about the city the second day once, and returned into the camp. So they did six days.
6:15. But the seventh day, rising up early, they went about the city, as it was ordered, seven times.
6:16. And when in the seventh going about the priests sounded with the trumpets, Josue said to all Israel: Shout: for the Lord hath delivered the city to you:
6:17. And let this city be an anathema, and all things that are in it, to the Lord. Let only Rahab, the harlot, live, with all that are with her in the house: for she hid the messengers whom we sent.
6:18. But beware ye lest you touch ought of those things that are forbidden, and you be guilty of transgression, and all the camp of Israel be under sin, and be troubled.
6:19. But whatsoever gold or silver there shall be, or vessels of brass and iron, let it be consecrated to the Lord, laid up in his treasures.
6:20. So all the people making a shout, and the trumpets sounding, when the voice and the sound thundered in the ears of the multitude, the walls forthwith fell down: and every man went up by the place that was over against him: and they took the city,
6:21. And killed all that were in it, man and woman, young and old. The oxen also, and the sheep, and the asses, they slew with the edge of the sword.
6:22. But Josue said to the two men that had been sent for spies: Go into the harlot's house, and bring her out, and all things that are hers, as you assured her by oath.
6:23. And the young men went in, and brought out Rahab, and her parents, her brethren also, and all her goods, and her kindred, and made them to stay without the camp.
6:24. But they burned the city, and all things that were therein; except the gold and silver, and vessels of brass and iron, which they consecrated unto the treasury of the Lord.
6:25. But Josue saved Rahab the harlot, and her father's house, and all she had, and they dwelt in the midst of Israel until this present day: because she hid the messengers whom he had sent to spy out Jericho. At that time, Josue made an imprecation, saying:
6:26. Cursed be the man before the Lord, that shall raise up and build the city of Jericho. In his firstborn may he lay the foundation thereof, and in the last of his children set up its gates.
Cursed, etc... Jericho, in the mystical sense, signifies iniquity: the sounding of the trumpets by the priests, the preaching of the word of God; by which the walls of Jericho are thrown down, when sinners are converted; and a dreadful curse will light on them who build them up again.
6:27. And the Lord was with Josue, and his name was noised throughout all the land.........continued

[al_gy]

this is perplexing to me....

Josue Chapter 7
For the sins of Achan, the Israelites are defeated at Hai. The offender is found out; and stoned to death, and God's wrath is turned from them.
7:1. But the children of Israel transgressed the commandment, and took to their own use of that which was accursed. For Achan, the son of Charmi, the son of Zabdi, the son of Zare, of the tribe of Juda, took something of the anathema: and the Lord was angry against the children of Israel.
7:2. And when Josue sent men from Jericho against Hai, which is beside Bethaven, on the east side of the town of Bethel, he said to them: Go up, and view the country: and they fulfilled his command, and viewed Hai.
7:3. And returning, they said to him: Let not all the people go up, but let two or three thousand men go, and destroy the city: why should all the people be troubled in vain, against enemies that are very few?
7:4. There went up therefore three thousand fighting men: who immediately turned their backs,
7:5. And were defeated by the men of the city of Hai, and there fell of them six and thirty men: and the enemies pursued them from the gate as far as Sabarim, and they slew them as they fled by the descent: and the heart of the people was struck with fear, and melted like water.
7:6. But Josue rent his garments, and fell flat on the ground, before the ark of the Lord, until the evening, both he and all the ancients of Israel: and they put dust upon their heads.
7:7. And Josue said: Alas, O Lord God, why wouldst thou bring this people over the river Jordan, to deliver us into the hand of the Amorrhite, and to destroy us? would God we had stayed beyond the Jordan, as we began.
7:8. My Lord God, what shall I say, seeing Israel turning their backs to their enemies?
7:9. The Chanaanites, and all the inhabitants of the land, will hear of it, and being gathered together will surround us, and cut off our name from the earth: and what wilt thou do to thy great name?
7:10. And the Lord said to Josue: Arise, why liest thou flat on the ground?
7:11. Israel hath sinned, and transgressed my covenant: and they have taken of the anathema, and have stolen and lied, and have hid it among their goods.
7:12. Neither can Israel stand before his enemies, but he shall flee from them: because he is defiled with the anathema. I will be no more with you, till you destroy him that is guilty of this wickedness.
7:13. Arise, sanctify the people, and say to them: Be ye sanctified against tomorrow: for thus saith the Lord God of Israel: The curse is in the midst of thee, O Israel: thou canst not stand before thy enemies, till he be destroyed out of thee, that is defiled with this wickedness.
7:14. And you shall come in the morning, every one by your tribes: and what tribe soever the lot shall find, it shall come by its kindreds, and the kindred by its houses and tho house by the men.
7:15. And whosoever he be that shall be found guilty of this fact, he shall be burnt with fire, with all his substance, because he hath transgressed the covenant of the Lord, and hath done wickedness in Israel.
7:16. Josue, therefore, when he rose in the morning, made Israel to come by their tribes, and the tribe of Juda was found.
7:17. Which being brought by in families, it was found to be the family of Zare. Bringing that also by the houses, he found it to be Zabdi:
7:18. And bringing his house man by man, he found Achan, the son of Charmi, the son of Zabdi, the son of Zare, of the tribe of Juda.
7:19. And Josue said to Achan: My son, give glory to the Lord God of Israel, and confess, and tell me what thou hast done, hide it not.
7:20. And Achan answered Josue, and said to him: Indeed I have sinned against the Lord, the God of Israel, and thus and thus have I done.
7:21. For I saw among the spoils a scarlet garment, exceeding good, and two hundred sicles of silver, and a golden rule of fifty sicles: and I coveted them, and I took them away, and hid them in the ground in the midst of my tent, and the silver I covered with the earth that I dug up.
7:22. Josue therefore sent ministers: who running to his tent, found all hid in the same place, together with the silver.
7:23. And taking them away out of the tent, they brought them to Josue, and to all the children of Israel, and threw them down before the Lord.
7:24. Then Josue, and all Israel with him, took Achan, the son of Zare, and the silver, and the garment, and the golden rule, his sons also, and his daughters, his oxen, and asses, and sheep, the tent also, and all the goods: and brought them to the valley of Achor:
His sons, etc... Probably conscious to, or accomplices of, the crime of their father.
7:25. Where Josue said: Because thou hast troubled us, the Lord trouble thee this day. And all Israel stoned him: and all things that were his, were consumed with fire.
7:26. And they gathered together upon him a great heap of stones, which remaineth until this present day And the wrath of the Lord was turned away from them. And the name of that place was called the Valley of Achor, until this day.
Achor... That is, trouble.
Josue Chapter 8
Hai is taken and burnt, and all the inhabitants slain. An altar is built, and sacrifices offered. The law is written on stones, and the blessings and cursings are read before all the people.
8:1. And the Lord said to Josue: Fear not, nor be thou dismayed: take with thee all the multitude of fighting men, arise, and go up to the town of Hai: Behold I have delivered into thy hand the king thereof, and the people, and the city, and the land.
8:2. And thou shalt do to the city of Hai, and to the king thereof, as thou hast done to Jericho, and to the king thereof: but the spoils, and all the cattle, you shall take for a prey to yourselves: lay an ambush for the city behind it.
8:3. And Josue arose, and all the army of the fighting men with him, to go up against Hai: and he sent thirty thousand chosen valiant men in the night,
8:4. And commanded them, saying: Lay an ambush behind the city: and go not very far from it: and be ye all ready.
8:5. But I, and the rest of the multitude which is with me, will approach on the contrary side against the city. And when they shall come out against us, we will flee, and turn our backs, as we did before:
8:6. Till they pursuing us be drawn farther from the city: for they will think that we flee as before.
8:7. And whilst we are fleeing, and they pursuing, you shall rise out of the ambush, and shall destroy the city: and the Lord your God will deliver it into your hands.
8:8. And when you shall have taken it, set it on fire, and you shall do all things so as I have commanded.
8:9. And he sent them away, and they went on to the place of the ambush, and abode between Bethel and Hai, on the west side of the city of Hai. But Josue staid that night in the midst of the people,
8:10. And rising early in the morning, he mustered his soldiers, and went up with the ancients in the front of the army, environed with the aid of the fighting men.
8:11. And when they were come, and were gone up over against the city, they stood on the north side of the city, between which and them there was a valley in the midst.
8:12. And he had chosen five thousand men, and set them to lie in ambush between Bethel and Hai, on the west side of the same city:
Five thousand... These were part of the thirty thousand mentioned above, ver. 3.
8:13. But all the rest of the army went in battle array on the north side, so that the last of that multitude reached to the west side of the city. So Josue went that night, and stood in the midst of the valley.
8:14. And when the king of Hai saw this, he made haste in the morning, and went out with all the army of the city, and set it in battle array, toward the desert, not knowing that there lay an ambush behind his back.
8:15. But Josue, and all Israel gave back, making as if they were afraid, and fleeing by the way of the wilderness.
8:16. But they shouting together, and encouraging one another, pursued them. And when they were come from the city,
8:17. And not one remained in the city of Hai and of Bethel, that did not pursue after Israel, leaving the towns open as they had rushed out,
8:18. The Lord said to Josue: Lift up the shield that is in thy hand, towards the city of Hai, for I will deliver it to thee.
8:19. And when he had lifted up his shield towards the city, the ambush, that lay hid, rose up immediately: and going to the city, took it, and set it on fire.
8:20. And the men of the city, that pursued after Josue, looking back, and seeing the smoke of the city rise up to heaven, had no more power to flee this way or that way: especially as they that had counterfeited flight, and were going toward the wilderness, turned back most valiantly against them that pursued.
8:21. So Josue, and all Israel, seeing that the city was taken, and that the smoke of the city rose up, returned, and slew the men of Hai.
8:22. And they also that had taken and set the city on fire, issuing out of the city to meet their own men, began to cut off the enemies who were surrounded by them. So that the enemies being cut off on both sides, not one of so great a multitude was saved.
8:23. And they took the king of the city of Hai alive and brought him to Josue.
8:24. So all being slain that had pursued after Israel, in his flight to the wilderness, and falling by the sword in the same place, the children of Israel returned and laid waste the city.
8:25. And the number of them that fell that day, both of men and women, was twelve thousand persons, all of the city of Hai.
8:26. But Josue drew not back his hand, which he had stretched out on high, holding the shield, till all the inhabitants of Hai were slain.
8:27. And the children of Israel divided among them, the cattle and the prey of the city, as the Lord had commanded Josue.
8:28. And he burnt the city, and made it a heap forever:
8:29. And he hung the king thereof on a gibbet, until the evening and the going down of the sun. Then Josue commanded, and they took down his carcass from the gibbet: and threw it in the very entrance of the city, heaping upon it a great heap of stones, which remaineth until this present day.
8:30. Then Josue built an altar to the Lord, the God of Israel, in Mount Hebal,
8:31. As Moses, the servant of the Lord, had commanded the children of Israel, and it is written in the book of the law of Moses: an altar of unhewn stones, which iron had not touched: and he offered upon it holocausts to the Lord, and immolated victims of peace offerings.
8:32. And he wrote upon stones, the Deuteronomy of the law of Moses, which he had ordered before the children of Israel.
8:33. And all the people, and the ancients, and the princes, and judges, stood on both sides of the ark, before the priests that carried the ark of the covenant of the Lord, both the stranger and he that was born among them, half of them by Mount Garizim, and half by Mount Hebal, as Moses the servant of the Lord, had commanded. And first he blessed the people of Israel.
8:34. After this, he read all the words of the blessing and the cursing, and all things that were written in the book of the law.
8:35. He left out nothing of those things which Moses had commanded, but he repeated all before all the people of Israel, with the women and children, and strangers, that dwelt among them.
Josue Chapter 9
Josue is deceived by the Gabaonites: who being detected are condemned to be perpetual servants.
9:1. Now when these things were heard of, all the kings beyond the Jordan, that dwelt in the mountains, and in the plains, in the places near the sea, and on the coasts of the great sea, they also that dwell by Libanus, the Hethite, and the Amorrhite, the Chanaanite, the Pherezite, and the Hevite, and the Jebusite,
9:2. Gathered themselves together, to fight against Josue and Israel with one mind, and one resolution.
9:3. But they that dwelt in Gabaon, hearing all that Josue had done to Jericho and Hai:
9:4. Cunningly devising took for themselves provisions, laying old sacks upon their asses, and wine bottles rent and sewed up again,
9:5. And very old shoes, which for a show of age were clouted with patches, and old garments upon them: the loaves also, which they carried for provisions by the way, were hard, and broken into pieces:
9:6. And they went to Josue, who then abode in the camp at Galgal, and said to him, and to all Israel with him: We are come from a far country, desiring to make peace with you. And the children of Israel answered them, and said:
9:7. Perhaps you dwell in the land which falls to our lot; if so, we can make no league with you.
9:8. But they said to Josue: We are thy servants. Josue said to them: Who are you? and whence came you?
9:9. They answered: From a very far country thy servants are come in the name of the Lord thy God. For we have heard the fame of his power, all the things that he did in Egypt.
9:10. And to the two kings of the Amorrhites, that were beyond the Jordan, Sehon, king of Hesebon, and Og, king of Basan, that was in Astaroth:
9:11. And our ancients, and all the inhabitants of our country, said to us: Take with you victuals for a long way, and go meet them, and say: We are your servants, make ye a league with us.
9:12. Behold, these loaves we took hot, when we set out from our houses to come to you, now they are become dry, and broken in pieces by being exceeding old.
9:13. These bottles of wine when we filled them were new, now they are rent and burst. These garments we have on, and the shoes we have on our feet, by reason of the very long journey, are worn out, and almost consumed.
9:14. They took therefore of their victuals, and consulted not the mouth of the Lord.
9:15. And Josue made peace with them, and entering into a league, promised that they should not be slain: the princes also of the multitude swore to them.
9:16. Now three days after the league was made, they heard that they dwelt nigh, and they should be among them.
9:17. And the children of Israel removed the camp, and came into their cities on the third day, the names of which are, Gabaon, and Caphira, and Beroth, and Cariathiarim.
9:18. And they slew them not, because the princes of the multitude had sworn in the name of the Lord, the God of Israel. Then all the common people murmured against the princes.
9:19. And they answered them: We have sworn to them in the name of the Lord, the God of Israel, and therefore we may not touch them.
9:20. But this we will do to them: Let their lives be saved, lest the wrath of the Lord be stirred up against us, if we should be forsworn:
9:21. But so let them live, as to serve the whole multitude in hewing wood, and bringing in water. As they were speaking these things,
9;22. Josue called the Gabaonites, and said to them: Why would you impose upon us, saying: We dwell very far off from you, whereas you are in the midst of us?
9:23. Therefore you shall be under a curse, and your race shall always be hewers of wood, and carriers of water, into the house of my God.
9:24. They answered: It was told us, thy servants, that the Lord thy God had promised his servant Moses, to give you all the land, and to destroy all the inhabitants thereof. Therefore we feared exceedingly and provided for our lives, compelled by the dread we had of you, and we took this counsel.
9:25. And now we are in thy hand: deal with us as it seemeth good and right unto thee.
9:26. So Josue did as he had said, and delivered them from the hand of the children of Israel, that they should not be slain.
9:27. And he gave orders in that day, that they should be in the service of all the people, and of the altar of the Lord, hewing wood, and carrying water, until this present time, in the place which the Lord hath chosen.

[al_gy]

LITHUANIA
Vladimir Putin's recent talks with Middle Eastern, Indian and Chinese leaders are more perilous than the Russian president's Munich speech, according to some of the local media.
"The Russian boss, speaking in the security services jargon he knows so well, started recruiting quite openly not only other countries aspiring to be world power centers but also allies of the United States. This time Putin is offering attractive commercial projects tailored to each individual country rather than ideological opposition to the West." (Lietuvas Ritas, February 19).
Experts say that the Lithuanian president's proposal to supply Belarus with oil as an alternative to the Russian deliveries was realistic and politically justified. Lithuania, instead of becoming a transit country, had better set up an infrastructure and logistics sites for further servicing international transport companies, they said. This will give Vilnius a special role in Europe.
"So what if Lithuania becomes a transit country? It was traditionally perceived as such, but we will profit by generating added value in our state and offering reliable services. We are certain Lithuania can become a European warehouse on the Russian border. Foreign companies will be safer storing their goods in Lithuania, a European Union and NATO member, rather than Russia." (Verslo Zinios, February 15).

[al_gy]

GEORGIA
Political analysts tend to justify Putin's bluntness in Munich. Russia has grown strong enough to dictate terms to the West. Russia's president has confirmed it is ready to go on the offensive.
"Russia is not going to accept rules of the game set by America and its allies. Russia is a growing economic phenomenon... Whatever happens to the price of oil, it will not fall so low as to damage Russia's economy. Russia has much influence on the Islamic world and strong friendly relations with China and North Korea. It is investing $8 billion in North Korea to stop it from pressing on with its nuclear program. In short, all of them are indebted to Russia, and it is a strong player on today's international political stage. It is in this context that Russia afforded to challenge the West and criticize U.S. policies." (Sakartvelos Respublica, February 15).
Experts express perplexity at President Putin's choice of his new defense minister. The Russian president has made an odd decision to replace hawkish Sergei Ivanov, supported by Russia's military top brass, with Federal Tax Service head Anatoly Serdyukov, a man who knows nothing about military matters." (Sakartvelos Respublica, February 17).

[al_gy]

Lithuania has a lively capital: History lovers will find influences of Germany, Russia and Poland in Vilnius

12:01 a.m. 07/28/2007Jul 27, 2007 (The Charlotte Observer - McClatchy-Tribune Information Services via COMTEX) --

Rob Denny, 61, is a Spencer native who has been living and working for the past year in Vilnius, the capital of Lithuania. He's there as director of the Non-Farm Pesticide Improvement Program, a European Union project.Q. What's Vilnius like? It has been described as the "next Prague" and is one of the largest UNESCO historic sites in Europe. (UNESCO promotes international cooperation in education, science, culture and communication.)It was largely spared in both World Wars, though there were military fronts all around here. They only lost bridges, and you occasionally notice an ugly Soviet building; that's almost always where a bomb fell.Vilnius is a bit medieval, but more heavy with Baroque and Renaissance architecture. It's an amazing place to live.It's not as large as Charlotte, but with about 550,000 people, it is the largest city in Lithuania. This is a small country, about the size of West Virginia, but with many times the population.Q. The international and ethnic borders in the Baltic countries have shifted greatly over the centuries; do you notice that there? The coast of Lithuania for 600 years was called Memel and was a Prussian or German state. German is the second language on the coast, not English.It has different architecture -- there's a lot of half-timbered buildings, like in Old Salem. It has a different feel, a different slant to the roof lines. You know you're almost in another country ... but still in Lithuania.Vilnius has gone back and forth -- part of Poland, Lithuania, Russia, then Poland again -- at different times. The borders shifted dramatically.One thing that strikes me about Lithuania is its fierce independence. There's a history here you and I never heard about when we were growing up. For instance, I didn't know there were partisans in the woods fighting the Soviets until the 1960s! They finally gave up. They thought the Americans were coming to their aid, but never did.Lithuanians were never willing participants in the Soviet Union, though the parents of people I work with were drafted into the Soviet army.Q. What exactly is Lithuanian-ness? It's Catholic, like Poland. Latvia is mostly Lutheran. Also -- and you can feel it -- Lithuania was the last non-Christian part of Europe and still has touches of pagan traditions. It's kind of like when you go to South America among the Incas and see that Catholicism doesn't run deep in some ways.Like the woodcarvings here -- of totems, oddly enough. They're now in the shape of religious icons and look like those in the Pacific Northwest. They're carved with the head of maybe Jesus or Mary, but you can see at one time it had the head of some pagan god or goddess.Q. Vilnius isn't on the Baltic Sea; what are the climate and land like? It's still maritime. The word "Lithuania" ultimately means "land of rain." It's flat; the highest hill is maybe 1,000 feet high. It looks a lot like Michigan or northern Wisconsin. Birch and pine predominate; there are a few maples or oaks.Q. Estonia is big for hot springs. What about Lithuania? Absolutely. Those were developed quite a bit during Soviet times. The most famous is Druskininkai. Some of the architecture looks kind of like Saratoga Springs in upstate New York. But then you'll see some massive concrete block -- Soviet garbage.Q. Who visits? Germans, by far; then Scandinavians. Once in a while, you'll hear a bit of English, both British and American. I was told by colleagues in the scientific world that when they have a contest in Britain, frequently the winner gets a trip to Vilnius, the latest hot spot.Q. What makes Vilnius a hot spot? It's a walkable, do-able city. The food is good, the people are pleasant and the history is outstanding.------DROP US A LINEKnow someone who lives in an interesting city or country who would like to give us the inside line on visiting there? E-mail, in English, jbordsen@charlotteobserver.com.
To see more of The Charlotte Observer, or to subscribe to the newspaper, go to
http://www.charlotte.com . Copyright (c) 2007, The Charlotte Observer, N.C.
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Copyright (C) 2007 The Charlotte Observer, N.C.

[PIGFUCKBINLADEN]

What is the fucking point of starting a thread with one ID, then responding in it with the other id????

I will never understand the mind of the Mulnick idiot.

For those that are not in the "know". Al gy does this shit in multiple boards since I can remember. I think the dillweed forgot this ID was the one he used on the original IH.

[short_circuit]

I will never understand the mind of the Mulnick.
Maybe some Mulnicks use an introductory ID for a topic and to give oneself support. lol :mrgreen:

[al_gy]

European Court finds Russia guilty of mass murders in Chechnya

The European Court for Human Rights has found Russia guilty of mass murders in Chechnya, having considered the case "Musaev et al versus Russia." The "Caucasian Knot (http://eng.kavkaz.memo.ru/)" correspondent was informed about it at the Human Rights Centre (HRC) "Memorial (http://www.memo.ru/eng/index.htm)."
The Court has satisfied at once four complaints of the relatives of the victims of one of the most broadly known and bloody clean-ups ("zachistkas") of the second Chechen campaign, which was held on February 5, 2000, in Novye Aldy village in the suburb of the city of Grozny: Yusup Musaev, Suleiman and Tamara Magomadovs, Malika Labazanova and Hasan Abdulmezhidov.
The above complaints were recognized eligible by the European Court on December 13, 2005. The interests of Chechen residents were represented by the lawyers of the HRC "Memorial (http://www.memo.ru/eng/index.htm)" and the European Human Rights Advocacy Centre (EHRAC, London).
The "Caucasian Knot (http://eng.kavkaz.memo.ru/)" has informed earlier that all the applicants, except for the Magomadovs, were themselves witnesses of mass execution. On February 5, 2000, in the course of the clean-up of the village in non-combat situation dozens of peaceful residents (including old men, women and children) were shot dead. Many houses have been plundered and burnt down.
The report of the HRC "Memorial (http://www.memo.ru/eng/index.htm)" published 2000 under the title "Clean-up: Novye Aldy Village, February 5, 2000" was dedicated to these tragic events.
The investigation of the criminal case initiated on March 5, 2000, by the Prosecutor's Office of the Chechen Republic gave no results. Despite multiple requests, the Government of Russia has refused to provide the European Court with copies of the criminal case materials, referring to its secrecy.
See earlier reports: "Anti-War Committee: murderers of Novye Aldy residents live in St. Petersburg (http://eng.kavkaz.memo.ru/newstext/engnews/id/117 5951.html)," "Russia to pay out 130,000 euros for murder of Musaev brothers in Chechnya (http://eng.kavkaz.memo.ru/newstext/engnews/id/119 3061.html)."

[al_gy]

Sprogimų Irake aukų skaičius pasiekė 200 (atnaujinta)http://g.delfi.lt/y.gif
http://g.delfi.lt/s.gifAtnaujinta 14:36 val., ELTA
2007 rugpjūčio mėn. 15 d. 09:48Nusiųsti (http://www.delfi.lt/archive/article.php?id=140750 86&s2f=1)http://g.delfi.lt/s.gifhttp://g.delfi.lt/d/i/ letter.gif (http://www.delfi.lt/archive/article.php?id=140750 86&s2f=1)
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Corbis (http://pro.corbis.com/)Benzovežius susprogdinę savižudžiai per koordinuotą ataką nužudė mažiausiai 200 žmonių Šiaurės Vakarų Irake, pranešė Irako karinės pajėgos. Tai vienas kruviniausių incidentų per visą ketverių metų karą Irake.

Irako karinių pajėgų kapitonas Mohammadas al-Jaadas teigė, jog per sprogdinimus Jazidžių gyvenamuosiuose rajonuose prie šiaurinio Sinjaro miesto, netoli Sirijos sienos, sužeista mažiausiai 200 žmonių.
Reklama (http://ads.delfi.lt/)<ahref="http://ap.delfi.lt/l?region=523&bust=927327" target=_top><imgsrc="http://ap.delfi.lt/i?region=523&bust=927327" border=0 width=180 height=150>

Aukų skaičių paskelbė Sinjaro meras Dakheelas Qassimas Hasounas.
Policija mano, jog greičiausiai buvo taikomasi į islamiškos kurdų sektos Jazidi narius, kurie gyvena Sirijoje ir Šiaurės Irake.
JAV pasmerkė sprogdinimus, pavadindama juos "barbariškomis atakomis prieš nekaltus civilius" ir perdavė užuojautą aukų šeimoms, praneša BBC.
"Ekstremistai ir toliau rodo, kokių pastangų bus imtasi, kad Irakas netaptų stabilia ir saugia šalimi, - sakoma Baltųjų rūmų pranešime. - Mes tęsime darbą su Irako vyriausybe ir Irako saugumo pajėgomis, kad stabilizuotume šalį ir atremtume piktavalius ir beširdžius žudikus". JAV karinės pajėgos pranešė padedančios pergabenti sužeistuosius į Tal Afaro miesto ligonines. Per didžiausią iki šiol šių metų išpuolį liepos mėnesį savižudžiai Tuz Charmato miesto turguje susprogdino sprogmenų prigrūstą sunkvežimį ir nužudė 150 bei sužeidė 250 žmonių.
ELTA (http://www.elta.lt/)Kopijuoti, platinti, skelbti agentūros ELTA informacijas ir fotoinformacijas be raštiško agentūros ELTA sutikimo draudžiama.

[al_gy]

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/lt/thumb/5/5 8/Freedom_tower.jpg/299px-Freedom_tower.jpg (http://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaizdas:Freedom_towe r.jpg)
http://lt.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png (http://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaizdas:Freedom_towe r.jpg)
Naujai statomo Freedom Tower (http://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_Tower) dangoraižio renderis

[al_gy]

Titulinis (http://64.233.167.104/index.php) / Naujienos (http://64.233.167.104/statybos_naujienos) /
spausdinimo versija (http://64.233.167.104/search?q=cache:CcVuvlBKyhEJ :www.spec.lt/index.php%3Fcid%3D12184+apie+binladin&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=1&gl=us&lr=lang_lt#)
2006 m. vasario 15 d.
Dubajuje statomas aukščiausias pasaulio pastatas

2008 metų lapkritį Jungtiniuose Arabų Emyratuose turėtų būti baigtas statyti aukščiausias pasaulyje dangoraižis „Burj Dubai“ (Burjo bokštas). Pagrindiniais pretendentais stayti šį pastatą ilgą laiko buvo laikoma lūdnai pagarsėjusio teroristo Osama bin Ladeno giminaičiams priklausanti statybų bendrovė „Saudi Binladin Group“. Tačiau vėliau, po 11 mėnesių trukusio konkurso, vis tik konkurso nugalėtoja buvo paskelbta Pietų Korėjos įmonė „Samsung Corporation“. „Burjo bokšto“ komplekso vertė 8 mlrd. JAV dolerių, o užims jis 500 akrų plotą. 800 metrų aukščio, apie 160 aukštų dangoraižiui jau pradėtas ruošti pagrindas.

http://i76.photobucket.com/albums/j6/al_gy/Dubai.j pg

Dangoraižis bus aukštesnis nei dabartinis aukščiausias pasaulio pastatas − 509 metrų Taibėjaus finansų centro pastatas Taivane. Prieš tai, Dubajuje iškilsiantį aukščiausią pasaulio dangoraižį buvo planuota statyti Melburne, tačiau Australijos valdžia projekto atsisakė.

Planuojamas 160 aukštų betono ir plieno pastatas, jo autorių apibūdinamas kaip „miestas mieste“. Jame įsikurs viešbučiai, biurai, restoranai, įvairias paslaugas teikiančioms įmonės bei itin prabangūs butai. „Burjo bokšto“ komplekse bus ne tik aukščiausias dangoraižis, bet ir didžiausias prekybos centras. Pastarojo milžino plotas turėtų siekti 2 mln. m².

[al_gy]

http://i76.photobucket.com/albums/j6/al_gy/Dubai4. jpg


„Burjo bokšto“ projektą remiantis Dubajaus centro plėtros iniciatyvą užsakė bendrovė „Emaar Properties“. Bendrovės valdybos pirmininko Mohamedo Alis Alabaro teigimu: „Tai, jog „Samsung Corporation“ laimėjo konkursą yra išskirtinis momentas, nes bokštas iškils bei visam laikui pakeis Dubajaus veidą“. Konkurso laimėtojai „Samsung Corporation“, siekdama nurungti kitas septynias konkurse dalyvavusias grupes, tarp jų ir „Saudi Binladin Group“, suvienijo jėgas su Belgijos bendrove „Besix“ ir vietos įmone „Arabtec“.

http://i76.photobucket.com/albums/j6/al_gy/dubai2. jpg

Naujajame dangoraižyje planuojama įkurdinti viešbutį „Dubai Armani Hotel“, kuriame bus įrengta 250 apartamentų, restoranas ir mineralinių vandenų (spa) kurortas, užimantis 40 tūkst. m². Viešbučiams „Armani“ kompanija tieks savo produkciją – „Armani Casa“ baldus ir interjero detales, vonios reikmenis ir kt.

Tomas Lapinskas

[al_gy]

EU Expands Border-Free Zone Farther EastAP Online
2:05 p.m. 12/20/2007BRUSSELS, Belgium, Dec 20, 2007 (AP Online via COMTEX) -- Border controls along the old Iron Curtain from the Baltic Sea to the Adriatic cease to exist from midnight Thursday as most of the European Union's former communist new members join the bloc's passport-free travel zone.It's a major step in their transition from Soviet satellites to full-fledged EU members, but has also triggered fears of a flood of illegal immigrants that could stick Europe with a crisis similar to America's along its border with Mexico.The entry of nine nations into the EU's so-called Schengen area means citizens can travel by land or sea between 24 European nations from Portugal to Poland, Iceland to Estonia without facing border checks. The move has also forced the EU to tighten up controls on its new eastern borders to prevent infiltration by criminal gangs, illegal immigrants, and even terrorists."Together we have overcome border controls as man-made obstacles to peace, freedom and unity in Europe," European Commission President Jose Manuel Barroso told reporters in the Estonian capital, Tallinn. He said the expansion of the open-border zone will boost trade and tourism, inject new life into border-region economies and end the hassle of frontier delays.As a condition for joining, the new members have strengthened security on their borders with non-EU nations such as Ukraine, Belarus and Serbia. They have also linked into an information exchange system for police and border guards around the EU.Such measures are needed because any illegal migrants from the less prosperous nations to the east would be able to roam as far as Paris or Madrid without any additional checks if they breach the EU's easternmost border."It would have been better to wait a year or two longer to abolish the border controls," said Joachim Herrmann, the interior minister of the German state of Bavaria. "It's all a matter of how well protected the border is from Belarus to Poland, from Ukraine to Slovakia."The EU's former communist members have been introducing tighter controls on the eastern border since they joined the EU in 2004, with funding from their richer neighbors.So far, it seems to have paid off. Michal Parzyszek, the spokesman for Frontex, a Warsaw-based EU agency that coordinates border management, says the number of illegal immigrants getting through has declined in recent years, although it's impossible to know for sure.Poland's Border Guards say the number of people arrested trying to enter Poland illegally fell more than 20 percent over the past year, from 3,763 in 2006 to 2,973 in 2007. Poland bears the burden of protecting the longest external border among new Schengen countries - 736 miles facing Belarus, Ukraine and the Russian enclave of Kaliningrad.Meanwhile, the EU's front line in the fight against illegal immigration remains to the south where thousands of poor Africans make the hazardous sea journey to the coasts of Spain, Italy, Malta and Greece, while would-be migrants from the Middle East and Asia take the overland route through Turkey and the Balkans.Austria's Chancellor Alfred Gusenbauer dismissed concerns the expansion would aid criminals or illegal immigrants as he symbolically joined Slovakia's Prime Minister Robert Fico to saw through a barrier the countries' border."Schengen is not crime, not insecurity, not fear," Gusenbauer said. "Schengen stands for freedom, security and stability."From the other side of the EU's external border, Ukrainians fear the tightened controls will cut them off from the West."I certainly don't greet this news with happiness," said Alexander Voitenko, 54, a Ukrainian scientist doing research in Warsaw. He complained that it's already more difficult to travel west since Poland joined the EU.The Schengen agreement is named after the village in Luxembourg where it was signed in 1985 by France, Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands to allow citizens to travel freely between them. Since then they have been joined by Italy, Spain, Portugal, Greece, Austria, Denmark, Sweden and Finland, as well as non-EU nations Norway and Iceland.Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Malta joined the EU in 2004, but have had to wait before gaining access to the frontier-free zone pending reforms to bring standards of their police and border guards in line with EU norms.---Associated Press writers Vanessa Gera in Korczowa, Poland; Veronika Oleksyn and George Jahn in Vienna, Austria; and Jari Tanner in Tallinn, Estonia, contributed to this report.

[rwahrens]

It is very good to see the former oppressed nations of Eastern Europe join the free world finally as full members!

The dropping of border controls is a long overdue major step towards European peace.:)

[al_gy]

http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cotta.html

p.s. Where in the World Will Our Energy Come From?

[al_gy]

LITHUANIA
The media are publishing the opinions of some Lithuanian politicians to display reserve in demanding compensation from Russia for the “occupation” because of the growing energy dependence on Moscow.

Public opinion polls show that the overwhelming majority of Lithuanians do not believe that this struggle will get anywhere. “Lithuania’s reliance on Russian energy resources will only grow in the near future. According to forecasts, after 2010 about 90% of Lithuanian demand for primary energy resources will come from Russia… It is necessary to think twice and not unnecessarily provoke Russia.” (Vilnius Dena, January 12)

“The majority of public poll respondents – 83.7% -- do not believe that Russia will pay for the damage in any way. 13.4% of those polled were optimistic, while 2.9% of respondents had no opinion on the issue.” (Respublika, January 11)

Some publications are writing about Latvia’s new policy aimed at improving relations with Russia. “Obviously, Latvia has forgotten its anti-Russian rhetoric, at least for the moment. At any rate, Latvia has chosen a new strategy of relations with Russia – no boisterous announcements, no enemy rhetoric, no rush steps.” (Respublika, January 15)

Experts believe that after Dmitry Medvedev is elected president, there will not be more democracy in Russia: “There will not be even a little bit more of democracy.

Real politics will be conducted by the community of security-related services and ‘state-oriented’ oligarchs.

The gap between the elite and the common people will still be growing.” (Veidas, January 3)

[al_gy]

ESTONIA
The press is strongly critical of Dmitry Rogozin’s appointment as Russia’s spokesman to NATO.
Some experts believe that by this choice, Moscow wants to demonstrate its lack of interest in normalizing relations with the alliance. “How will the Estonian Ambassador look at … Russia-NATO meetings? He will be facing a man who threatened his country with war.” (Postimees, January 11) “Rogozin was appointed because NATO well understands that he means nothing. The Kremlin also knows this. The message is that we don’t take you seriously enough to send an esteemed man.” (Postimees, January 14)
Analysts are assessing the potential advent of Chinese business to Estonia as an economic breakthrough, but the media are concerned that Russia may create serious obstacles in its way.
“The port of Tallinn and Ningbo have signed a letter of intent; the sides have expressed their desire to build a giant container terminal in Muuga (port of Tallinn). It is promising new life for Estonian ports and railways, as well as big opportunities for the country’s economy, but the project is risky because of Russia. Influential Russian diplomacy may wreck the construction or Russians may refuse to accept commodities through the port of Muuga. At the same time, St. Petersburg and its environs can receive container cargoes from China by railway.” (Postimees, January 12)
LATVIA
Most experts have welcomed the intention of Lithuanian President Valdas Adamkus to demand compensation from Russia for the period of “Soviet occupation.” They believe that Lithuanian and Estonian conflicts with the Big Neighbor benefit Riga – in recent time Russian-Latvian relations have been steadily advancing.
“Lithuania and Estonia have done everything… to lose to our country in competing for the limitless Russian market and expanding economic relations with Russia. Estonia has damaged its quite decent relations with Russia by staging a public act of moving coffins… As for Lithuania, it has managed to find an even stronger irritant for Russia – the payment of compensations for the occupation of the Baltic nations… If Russia becomes one of [Latvia’s] main partners in the region, our budget will receive more from this cooperation that Lithuania wants to receive from it in compensations.” (Vesti-segodnya, January 10)
“The events of the Tallinn Bronze soldier have adversely affected relations between Russia and Estonia – Moscow has considerably reduced transit via that country and cut down trade. Lithuanian President Valdas Adamkus has also decided to worsen Vilnius’s ties with Moscow. Against this negative background, Russian policymakers may see this country as rather friendly and attractive.” (Chas, January 9).
“The architects of Latvian foreign policy do not doubt the fact of the occupation, but we are not going to follow Lithuania’s example and demand its recognition… Recently, Latvia has been trying to avoid displeasing Russia, even if this humiliates its own dignity.” (Latvijas Avize, January 11)

[al_gy]

UZBEKISTAN
Discussing international cooperation in countering drug trafficking, some publications are strongly critical of NATO for its lack of interest in contact with the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO). “Brussels received a signal from Moscow and its allies three years ago. Alas, the West is silent… Its logic is simple… Let it be a headache for those who are unlucky enough to be Afghanistan’s neighbors… Some policymakers would like to list Russia and its partners as ‘mortal enemies.’ This is the only way to justify skyrocketing arms spending, the arms race, and NATO’s increasing eastward expansion. As for Afghan heroin and the hundreds of thousands of destroyed lives – they are just a card in this big game.” (Vesti.us, January 10)

[al_gy]

http://img.rian.ru/images/9737/55/97375575.jpg Russia (http://en.rian.ru/russia/)
Russian missile cruiser hits all test targets in Atlantic


19:24|21/ 01/ 2008http://img.rian.ru/i/b_print.gif (http://en.rian.ru/russia/20080121/97461951-print.html)


MOSCOW, January 21 (RIA Novosti) - The flagship of Russia's Black Sea Fleet, the Moskva guided-missile cruiser, has successfully hit designated targets as part of a Navy exercise in the northern Atlantic Monday, a Navy spokesman said. A Joint Naval Task Force, comprised of the Admiral Kuznetsov aircraft carrier, the Udaloy-Class destroyers Admiral Levchenko and Admiral Chabanenko, as well as auxiliary vessels, is currently on a two-month tour of duty in the Mediterranean Sea and the North Atlantic.
"The missile system used for the launches has no match in performance terms," Capt. 1st Rank Igor Dygalo, an aide to the Navy commander, said.
The Moskva cruiser joined up with Russian warships in the Mediterranean on Friday to participate in ongoing maneuvers, including live missile launches against airborne and seaborne targets.
Russian warships will also practice interoperability with naval aviation and strategic bombers for several days.
The operation is the first large-scale Russian Navy exercise in the Atlantic for 15 years. All the warships and aircraft involved are carrying full combat ammunition loads, the Navy said.

[al_gy]

Putin ... monsters! الثأر قادم Revenge coming
فترة الاصدار: 1 مارس 2007, 18:11 The issuance: March 1, 2007, 18:11

http://imgs2.kavkazcenter.com/arab/content/2007/03/ 01/7122_1.jpg الصورة: واحد من بين العديد من الأطفال الشيشان الذين تم تعذيبهم من قبل المحتلين الروس حتى الموت. Photo: one of the many children who were tortured Chechnya by the Russian occupiers to death.

وقفت سيارة ذات نوافذ سوداء في 2 مارس 2002 بالقرب من منزل رقم 16 في شارع دايكوف. Got a car with black windows in the March 2, 2002 near the house No. 16 in Daikov Street. وقفت هناك حتى خرج ثلاثة أولاد من عائلة أوغورشيف من منزلهم. I stood there until left three children from a family from their home Aogorhev. قفز عدة رجال مقنعين من السيارة وأمسكوا بالأطفال- عبدالله، تيمور و ألبرت ذوي 14، 13 و12 عاما على التوالي ودفعوهم إلى داخل السيارة. Several masked men jumped from the car and grabbed children - Abdullah, Albert Timor, with 14, 13 and 12 years respectively, and pushed into the car. ومن ثم انطلقت السيارة بسرعة عالية إلى خانكالا. Thus started the car at high speed to Khankala.

تحدث الرجال الأربعة الموجودون في السيارة باللغة الروسية بطلاقة، رغم أن أحدهم تفوه بكلمات شيشانية عند اختطاف الضحايا، وقد تحدث موقع Kavkazinfo عن المصير المأساوي للإخوان الثلاثة، الذين اختطفوا ومن ثم قتلوا على أيدي المحتلين الروس. Who talked the four men in the car Russian language fluently, although one of them spoken words when Chechen abduction victims, may occur site Kavkazinfo the tragic fate of the three Brothers, who were abducted and then killed by the Russian occupiers.

تروي القصة إلينا خاشوكايفا التي تتحدث عن هدف هذه الجريمة البشعة وكيف عرفت أم هؤلاء الأطفال الثلاثة عن مصير أبنائها المأساوي. Khahukiva story tells us that talk about the goal of this heinous crime and how these children knew or three on the fate of their sons and tragic.

في 26 مارس 2006 رأى عثمان عبدالرشيدوف الذي يعمل راع في منطقة شيلكوفسكي، مروحية روسية في السماء تسقط عدة أكياس سوداء. In the March 26, 2006 opinion Osman Abdrashidov shepherd who works in the Celkovski, a Russian helicopter in the sky falling several black bags. ومن الجدير بالذكر أن مثل هذه الحالة أوضاع طبيعية في الحياة اليومية الشيشانية، وقد شهد الكثير من السكان سقوط مثل هذه الأكياس السوداء. It should be noted that such a situation the conditions of normal daily life in Chechnya, has seen a lot of people fall of such black bags. حيث يشهد العديد من القرويين في المناطق الجبلية والغابات سقوط مثل هذه الأكياس السوداء التي تحتوي على بقايا بشرية من المروحيات. Where witnessing many villagers in the mountainous areas and forests fall of such black bags containing the remains of mankind helicopters.

اقترب الراعي وفتح الأكياس. Shepherd approached and opened the bags. وقد كانت شكوكه في محلها- فقد وجد جثثا في الأكياس. The doubts were misplaced - was found dead bodies in bags. فقد كانت جثث الأطفال الثلاثة المختطفين من عائلة أوغورشيف. The bodies of three children were abducted from the family Aogorhev. وكون عبدالرشيدوف مؤمنا صادقا قام بتبليغ أهالي القرية حول الحادث، ومن ثم نقلت الجثث إلى المسجد. The fact that the true believer Abdrashidov notify residents of the village about the incident, and then moved the bodies to the mosque.

قام كبار السن في القرية بتفحص الجثث و تفاجؤوا لكونها خالية من الأعضاء الداخلية ومن وجود خياطة من العنق وحتى الأربية، في حين كانت المنطقة الجوفية لجثث الأولاد الثلاثة خالية تماما. The village elders examine the bodies and Tvajaua for being free of the internal organs and a sewing of the neck and even Groin, while the area of groundwater bodies three boys completely free.

وقد كشف أنه تم إستئصال الكبد والطحال والكليتين والقلب من الجثث. Having revealed that he had been eradicated liver and spleen, kidney and heart of the corpses. وقد كشف خبير المحكمة الطبي ك. According to expert medical k Court. محمدوف أن الخياطة الظاهرة على الجثث أجريت بطريقة جراحية. Mammadov sewing phenomenon that the bodies were in a surgery. وكانت هناك حروق واضحة على الجثث. There were burns on the bodies and clear. عدا عن كسور في الأنف والأذرع والأصابع للضحايا. Except for the broken nose, arms and fingers of the victims.

وقد ظهر كل ذلك في النتائج الأولية للفحص الطبي للأطفال الميتين. All of this has emerged in the preliminary results of the medical examination of children exhumed.
قبل كشف الأدلة لهذه الجريمة البشعة التي اقترفها وحوش بوتين، كانت والدة الأولاد المختطفين تقرع عتبات مكاتب المحتلين، ولكن لم يحرك أحد ساكن لمساعدة هذه الأم للبحث عن أبنائها المفقودين. Before detecting evidence of this heinous crime perpetrated by the monsters Putin, the father of abducted children knocks thresholds office occupiers, but no one moves to help the inhabitants of this mother to search for missing sons. وقد كانت تبحث عن المساعدة في كل مكان تطلب من المحتلين والموالين، وقد كان من الواضح أن الروس هم الرؤساء و أن الشيشان المتعاونون يقومون بتلبية طلباتهم. Has been looking for help everywhere ask the occupiers, loyal, and it was clear that the Russians are the presidents of Chechnya and that their collaborators to meet their demands.

في 28 مارس 2002 وصلت ياخا أوغورشيفا إلى مقاطعة شيلكوفسكي للتعرف على بقايا جثث أبنائها. In the March 28, 2002 amounted to boycott Eacha Aogorheva Celkovski to identify the remains of their sons. وقد أخفى الموالون المحليون الحقيقة عن ياخا- حيث لم يذكروا لها أن جثث أطفالها ألقيت من مروحية روسية عسكرية. The loyal hide the truth from the local Eacha - where did it mention that the bodies of children thrown from a Russian military helicopter. وعندما رأت الأم جثث أطفال، سقطت فاقدة وعيها. When the mother saw the bodies of children, shells, a loss of awareness. وقد شاب شعرها في دقائق على مرأى الجميع. The young man in her hair minutes before the eyes of all. وقد كان وقع الصدمة كبيرا لدرجة أن المرأة التعيسة فقدت عقلها. The shock was so great that women unfortunate lost her mind. وبعد الجنازة بقيت ياخا مع بقية أبنائها في المقبرة قرب أبنائها ولم تستطع العيش في أي مكان آخر. After the funeral Eacha stayed with the rest of their sons in the cemetery near her children have been unable to live anywhere else.

وقد نقل ناشطو حقوق الإنسان الموالون هذه العائلة إلى مخيم للاجئين. The transfer Human rights activists loyal family to a refugee camp. وكانت ياخا أوغورشايفا قد قامت بتربية أبنائها لوحدها نظرا لوفاة زوجها منذ عدة سنوات من مرض السل. The Eacha Aogorchaiva had rearing their children alone because of the death of her husband several years ago from tuberculosis. وقد كانت تعمل في مجال التجارة وأضاعت سنين عمرها تشتري وتبيع في سوق المدينة لإطعام عائلتها البائسة. Has been working in the area of trade and wasted years old buy and sell in the market of the city desperate to feed her family.

بدأ بعض أقرباء عائلة أوغورشايفا تحقيقاتهم الخاصة حول هذا التعذيب، لأن الشيشان يعتمدون منذ مدة طويلة على أنفسهم في حل جميع مشاكلهم الخطيرة منذ أيام الإحتلال السوفياتي الروسي، لذا فضلوا حل تلك المشاكل وحدهم. Some relatives of the family began their investigation Aogorchaiva special about this torture, because Chechnya has long depended on themselves to solve all their problems serious since the days of Soviet occupation Federation, therefore, preferred to resolve those problems alone.
وقد تبين نتيجة التحقيق أن أبوبكر (أو رسلان إلمورزايف) الذي كان يعمل مع المحتلين في دائرة الشؤون الداخلية لمقاطعة لينينسكي، كان مسؤولا في تنظيم عملية الإختطاف. The outcome of the investigation show that Abu Bakr (or Raslan Morzaev), which was working with the occupiers in the internal affairs of the Leninsky district, was in charge of organizing the kidnapping.

وقد قام أقارب الأولاد المقتولين بشراء هذه المعلومات بقيمة كبيرة من رسلان يوسوبوف، المسؤول السابق في الجيش السوفيتي ومن ثم الجيش الروسي. The relatives of children killed purchase this information from a large value Ruslan Yosopov, former official in the Soviet army and then the Russian army. وقد أكد أن رسلان إلمورزايف كان مسؤولا إلى جانب رئيس دائرة المخابرات في وزارة الدفاع الروسية عن اختطاف الأولاد بهدف بيع أعضائهم الداخلية. Having said that Ruslan Morzaev was responsible along with the Chief Intelligence Service in the Russian Ministry of Defense on the abduction of children for selling the internal organs.

وقد توصل أقارب الأطفال التعساء أن المسؤولين في وزارة الدفاع الروسية قاموا أولا بإحضار الضحايا إلى خانكالا ومن ثم قاموا بتعذيبهم في قبو منزل. The relatives of a child unfortunate that officials in the Russian Ministry of Defense who first brought the victims to Khankala and then they tortured in the basement of a house.

وقد تبين أن أبو بكر قام منذ عام 2002 بخيانة إخوانه وسلمهم للمحتلين الروس. It was found that Abu Bakr has since betraying his brothers in 2002 and delivered to the Russian occupiers. وقد أكد آدم أوغورشيف قريب الأولاد المقتولين هذا الخبر. The Adam Aogorhev nearby boys killed this news. وقد خرج إلى الجبال بحثا عن أبو بكر (رسلان إلمورزايف) لأخذ الثأر لما حدث للأولاد. Has quit to the mountains in search of Abu Bakr (Ruslan Morzaev) to take revenge for what happened to the boys.

ووفقا لمؤلف المقالة فإنه قتل شخصين من عائلة إلمورزايف منذ عام 2003، ولكن لم يتحمل أحد مسؤولية القتل. According to the author of the article, it killed two of the family Morzaev since in 2003, but no one bears responsibility for the killing. وقد هرب أقرباء رسلان إلمورزايف من الشيشان إلى موسكو. The Raslan Morzaev relatives fled from Chechnya to Moscow.

وقد قام بعض المسؤولين من الإستخبارات الروسية وبعض الصحفيين بالقدوم إلى ياخا أوغورشايفا وأخبروها أن بعض المجهولين هم المسؤولين عن قتل أبنائها، وقد قام المجهولين بخدمة روسيا. The officials of the Russian intelligence and some journalists to come to Eacha Aogorchaiva and Imperialist Europe solved most of some unknown are responsible for the killing of her children, has served anonymous Russia.

وقد شدد كاتب المقالة على أن الراعي المذكور عبدالرشيدوف والخبير الطبي محمدوف غيروا شهادتهم بعد ذلك. The writer stressed that the article mentioned Abdrashidov shepherd and the expert medical testimony Mammadov changed after that. كما تم تغير التقرير الطبي الأولي. It also changed the medical report first.

دائرة التعاون الإعلامي Chamber media cooperation
كفكاز سنتر Kavkaz Center

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حوادث (http://64.233.179.104/translate_c?hl=en&langpair=ar%7Cen&u=http://pda.kavkaz.tv/arab/section.php%3Fid%3D0) :: موسكو: الثاليوم وراء مرض النساء الأمريكيات Events:: (http://64.233.179.104/translate_c?hl=en&langpair=ar%7Cen&u=http://pda.kavkaz.tv/arab/section.php%3Fid%3D0) Moscow: thallium and Apathy
[8 الموكب 2007, 20:17] [8 2007, 20:17]


أفادت مصادر تسميم امرأتين أمريكيتين باستخدام سم الثاليوم المعروف "بالسم المختار" للقتلى، وذلك خلال زيارة لهما إلى موسكو. Sources poisoned two women Americas using thallium poison known as "poisoning the chosen" for the dead, during a visit to Moscow to them.

وقد أصيبت كل من ماريا كوفاليفسكي (42عاما) وابتنها يانا (26عاما) بالمرض في 24 شباط ونقلوا في "حالة متوسطة الخطورة" إلى المستشفى في العاصمة يوم الأربعاء. It was hit by the Maria Church (42 years) and Aptnha Jana (26 years), the disease in February 24 and transferred in a "medium-risk" to a hospital in the capital on Wednesday.

وقد كانتا تجريان اجتماعات في جناح لهن في الفندق الذي يقمن به وفي مناطق أخرى من المدينة. The meetings were conducting them at the Pavilion at the hotel, which they do in other areas of the city.

وقد أكد نيكولاي فيلاتوف، المسؤول الرئيسي في الصحة في موسكو، وفقا لوكالة أنباء آر أي آي نوفوستي بأن التسمم بالثاليوم هو سبب المرض. The Nikolai Filatov, the main health official in Moscow, according to news agency Ar any Novosti that any thallium poisoning is the cause of the disease.

وقد أفادت التقارير الروسية أن الامرأتين من مواليد الإتحاد السوفياتي وقد هاجرتا إلى الولايات المتحدة في عام 1989، ولكن استمرت زياراتهم لروسيا منذ ذلك الوقت. It was reported that Russian women born in the Soviet Union have migrated to the United States in 1989, but continued their visits to Russia since then.

ويعتقد أنهن وصلتا إلى موسكو في وسط شهر شباط لحضور حفل زفاف وكان من المتوقع مغادرتهن قريبا. It is believed they arrived to Moscow in the middle of February to attend the wedding ceremony was expected leaving soon.

وتحقق السلطات الروسية في كيفية تعرضهن للمادة السمية التي لا لون لها ولا طعم وجرام واحد فقط منها كاف للقتل. The Russian authorities investigate how exposure to toxic material which is the color it or taste and only one gram of them enough to kill.

وقد رفضت الشرطة في موسكو التعليق، ولكن قالت إذاعة صدى موسكو أن الشرطة تحقق في المقاهي والمطاعم بالقرب من الفندق الذي كانت السيدتين تقيمان فيه. The police in Moscow refused to comment, but the echo of Moscow radio said that the police achieved in cafes and restaurants near the hotel, she was struck it.

ولم يعرف ما إذا كانت السيدتان تملكان مصالح سياسية أو اقتصادية في روسيا قد تكون السبب في استهدافهن في التسميم. Is not known whether Ms. have the political or economic interests in Russia may be why the targeting of the poisoning.

وقد اكتسب سم الثاليوم شهرة في كونه السم المفضل للقتلى في جرائمهم. The poison thallium gained fame in a poison of choice for dead in their crimes.

وقد كان الثاليوم هو مصدر الشك الأساسي عند مقتل عميل الإستخبارات السابق ألكسندر ليتفينكو في لندن في تشرين الثاني الماضي. The thallium is the primary source of uncertainty in the killing of former intelligence agent Alexander Itfengku in London last November.

ولكن الخبراء أفادوا لاحقا كون السم هو عنصر البولونيوم المشع. But experts later reported that the poison is a radioactive polonium.

أما سم الثاليوم فيكون عادة على شكل بودرة أو حبيبات، ويقوم باستنفاذ البوتاسيوم من الجسم الضروري لعمل الخلايا ويهاجم الجهاز العصبي، المعدة والكليتين. The poison thallium then usually in the form of powder or granules, and the exhaustion of the body potassium necessary for the work of cells attack the nervous system, kidneys and stomach.

ويمكن أن يكون عنصرا مشعا أيضا. This could be a device as well.

ولا تظهر تأثيراته على الفور إنما قد تظهر بعد أسابيع، وتؤدي إلى تساقط الشعر والحرقة. The show effects immediately but may appear weeks later, and lead to falling hair and Ahargah.

وقد كان يستخدم سابقا كسم للفئران ويستخدم حاليا في صناعات مختلفة منها العدسات الزجاجية الأصباغ... It was previously used as rat and currently being used in various industries including glass lenses dyes ...

وكالات Agencies

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LITHUANIA
The media are still discussing compensation for the "Soviet occupation."
They are writing that for the time being, Lithuania is the only country in Eastern Europe that has made official demands to Russia on this issue. Experts are predicting that Moscow will not make concessions on this issue and the Russian-Lithuanian dispute may have to be resolved by future generations.
"The Lithuanian authorities have not seriously thought about the strategy for talks with Russia on compensation for the occupation-inflicted damage; nor have they changed this strategy. This problem may become a headache of our children and grandchildren... The Kremlin is absolutely against creating a precedent. Otherwise many Eastern European countries or former Soviet republics may demand multi-billion compensations." (Vaidas, January 26)

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TAJIKISTAN
Analysts are writing about the high crime rate among guest workers in Russia. "Every year, more than 500 bodies of guest workers are brought to Tajikistan [from Russia]. But nobody knows how many Tajik citizens are buried at the special Perepechenskoye cemetery near the Sheremetyevo airport... The crime rate among guest workers is so high because of their low wages and arduous working and living conditions. There are cases when guest workers kill each other for a piece of bread or a place to sleep... If a guest worker dies in an accident, his employer often throws his body beyond the construction site in order to avoid unnecessary problems." (Farazh, January 24)

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LATVIA
The media have concentrated on the expulsion of second secretary of the Russian Embassy Alexander Rogozhin.
There are two contradictory views of the case. The Russian language media consider it a bow to the West made by those who are against better relations between Moscow and Riga. National publications are emphasizing that relations with the West should be a priority in the foreign policy of a country, which is a member of the European Union and NATO.
"The ruling politicians have gone too far in improving relations with Russia. Fearful that better contacts with the East may aggravate relations with the West, they have decided to redress the balance. A diplomatic scandal in this case is like a cold shower - it will not have long-term consequences, but will demonstrate to Western partners that not everything is good in relations with Russia." (Chas, January 23)
"The Russian language press in Latvia writes that the diplomat has fallen victim to the deterioration of Russian-British relations because of the closure of the British Council offices in St. Petersburg and Yekaterinburg. It is assumed that the diplomat was sacrificed to divert attention, and Latvia subserviently helped Britain. Of course, this is nonsense, but it is not ignored... Needless to say, Russia wants to have its own Trojan horse in the EU, probably even several. Today, Latvia with its extremely attentive attitude to the interests of its eastern neighbor is a good candidate for this role." (Diena, January 24)

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Modest Kolerov: Imperialism and the "near abroad": Russia, Poland, Lithuania

Что-то случилось.
Something happened. На территории бывшего СССР, состоявшей последние 20 лет на принудительном карантине, "больных" становится меньше, но "врачей" - всё больше.
In the territory of the former Soviet Union, held the last 20 years at forced quarantine, "patients" is becoming less, but "doctors" - more and more. Россия выздоравливает, но именно её хочет "сдерживать"...
Russia is recovering, but it wants to "restrain" ... "санитарный кордон"...
"sanitary cordon" ... "ближнего зарубежья": и врачами над ней поставлены постсоветские пациенты.
"near abroad": doctors, and put it on the post-Soviet patients. Их собственные истории болезни едва исследованы, у каждого по-прежнему фантомные боли и галлюцинации.
Their own history is barely studied, everybody was still phantom pain and hallucinations. Но наука бессильна.
But science powerless. Приезжий ревизор мечется: став заложником своих практикующих пациентов, он торопится придать хоть какой-нибудь смысл своему карантину, пока его выпускники не передрались между собой.
Auditor torn newcomers: becoming hostage to their patients practicing, although he hurry to give some meaning to its quarantine until his graduates not peredralis among themselves.

В 1990-е годы карантин должен был предотвратить ядерную катастрофу, поставив советский ядерный потенциал под внешний контроль, но теперь, в годы 2000-е - он претендует остановить выздоровление России, поставив саму её географию под контроль новых национальных государств, ставших транзитными инструментами "сдерживания России".
In 1990 - s quarantine was to prevent a nuclear holocaust, by the Soviet nuclear capability under external control, but now, in the years 2000 - e - it purports to stop recovery of Russia, placing themselves under the control of the geography of the new nation states that have become tools in transit "deterrence Russia ". На смену цивилизаторской риторике и её орудиям ("экспорт демократии", "гуманитарная агрессия") приходит антирусский национализм и его новые лица ("историческая политика", "покаяние русских за наш коммунизм"), в которых уже мало чего от европейских ценностей и всё больше фашизма.
To replace the civilizing rhetoric and its inputs ( "export democracy", "humanitarian aggression") comes antiRussian nationalism and the new person ( "historic policy", "repentance for our Russian communism"), which has little of European values and all more fascism. И прикладное сопротивление России "гуманитарной агрессии" превращается в историческую борьбу против параноидального национал-социализма.
I applied the resistance of Russia "humanitarian aggression" turns into a paranoid historic struggle against National Socialism. В этом - наша историческая связь с борьбой СССР и союзников против Гитлера и его сателлитов; в этом - исторический тупик наших бывших союзников, вынужденных бессильно смотреть на реабилитацию гитлеровцев в Центральной и Восточной Европе.
In this - our historic relationship with the Soviet Union and the Allied struggle against Hitler and his proxies, in which - the historic impasse of our former allies, forced to watch powerlessly at the rehabilitation of Hitler in Central and Eastern Europe. Антигитлеровские союзники СССР сначала создали новой России её новое "ближнее зарубежье", а затем населили его гитлеровскими сателлитами.
Antigitlerovskie USSR allies have formed a new Russia of its new "near abroad" and then Hitler's naselili its satellites. Зачем?
Why?

* * *
* * *

Почему современная Литва так неожиданно активна на территории бывшего СССР?
Why so suddenly modern Lithuania actively in the former Soviet Union? Исходя только лишь из её собственных экономико-политического потенциала или интересов, нельзя объяснить её "посредническую активность", например, на Украине 2004-го или в Грузии 2008-го - в дни, когда клан евроатлантистов там либо шёл к власти, либо защищал свою власть.
Proceeding only from its own economic and political interests or capacity, it is impossible to explain its "active mediation", for example, the Ukraine 2004 - the first in Georgia or 2008 - the first - in the days when there is a vector clan went to the authorities, or defending its power. Консультативная деятельность Литвы в отношении её мифического "соседа" Грузии - как бы нас ни уверяли в обратном, - отнюдь не похожа на её собственную инициативу.
Advisory work Lithuania on its mythical "neighbour" Georgia - as if we nor assured to the contrary - is not similar to its own initiative. Она целиком умещается в практику использования стран Прибалтики Соединёнными Штатами, Европейским Союзом и НАТО (http://64.233.179.104/translate_c?hl=en&langpair=ru%7Cen&u=http://www.regnum.ru/look/cdc0d2ce/) в качестве инструмента евроатлантического поглощения Закавказья (1) как своего нового "ближнего зарубежья", своего "нового соседства", "расширенной Европы" (2) или "3+3" (3).
It is entirely to the practice of using PALM Baltic United States, the European Union and NATO (http://64.233.179.104/translate_c?hl=en&langpair=ru%7Cen&u=http://www.regnum.ru/look/cdc0d2ce/) as an instrument of the Euro-Atlantic acquisitions Caucasus (1) as its new "near abroad", a "new neighborhood", "Wider Europe" (2) or "3 +3 "(3).

Но вот в отношении Украины мотивы Литвы переплетаются с её собственными фантомами.
But on Ukraine motives Lithuania intertwined with her own phantoms. Эти фантомы носят идеологический и исторический характер.
These phantoms are ideological and historical. Литва как сердце средневекового Великого княжества Литовского (ВКЛ, где собственно литовские земли занимали одну десятую часть, а остальные были восточнославянскими) наравне с Москвой стала центром государственной консолидации восточного славянства в XIV-XVI веках, объединяя территории от Балтики до горловины Чёрного моря (между Днепром и Днестром), от Гродно до Ржева и Тулы.
Lithuania as the heart of medieval Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL, which actually Lithuanian lands occupied one tenth of, and the rest were Eastern) on equal terms with Moscow became the center of the eastern state of consolidation in Slavdom XIV-XVI centuries, bringing the territory from the Baltic to the Black Sea neck (between the Dnieper and Nistru), from Grodno to Rzhev and Tulu. И даже простые современные русские учебники отдают должное государственной, языковой и религиозной терпимости ВКЛ.
And even simple modern Russian textbooks give proper public, linguistic and religious tolerance GDL. Но всё это было принесено на алтарь объединённой польско-литовской Речи Посполитой, доведя уже не только "внутренние" литовские, но и "внешние" польские претензии до Чёрного моря и Москвы, от которых Речь Посполитая отказалась, только утратив свою государственность.
But all this was brought on the altar of the joint Polish-Lithuanian Rzeczpospolita, bringing not only "internal" Lithuanian, but "external" Polish claims to the Black Sea and Moscow, which has refused Pospolitaya It just lost its statehood.

Неслучайно именно Польша и Литва, апеллируя к своим фантомам, так навязчиво стремились стать "адвокатами" Украины в Европе, пока Украина не выработала прямых связей с Брюсселем и Вашингтоном.
It is no accident that it is Poland and Lithuania, appealing to their phantom, so obtrusively sought to become "of counsel" Ukraine in Europe, Ukraine has not taken direct ties with Brussels and Washington. Современная Польша ещё более активна на территории бывшего СССР, чем Литва.
Modern Poland even more active in the territory of the former USSR than Lithuania. Отнюдь не только потому, что до сих пор помнит себя жертвой Российской империи и СССР, лишивших её (формальной или фактической) независимости (об участии в этих разделах и аннексиях Пруссии, Австрии, Германии говорить не принято много), но и потому, что самой Польше хорошо знакомы имперский опыт, постимперское "чувство ответственности" за соседей, собственное понимание "ближнего зарубежья".
Not only because still remembers a victim of the Russian empire and the Soviet Union, denied it (formal or de facto) independence (for participation in these sections and anneksiyah Prussia, Austria and Germany say no a lot), but also because most Poland familiar imperial experience postimperskoe "sense of responsibility" for the neighbors, their own understanding of "the near abroad".

Если северо-западные, немецкие границы были традиционной целью национального освобождения, то на свои литовские, белорусские и украинские пределы Польша прямо смотрела и смотрит как на утраченные в вековой борьбе с Россией и СССР колонии, "имперские" территории, в которых господство польской метрополии имело этническое, политическое, классовое, культурное и экономическое измерение.
If the north-west German border were the traditional purpose of national liberation, then at their Lithuanian, Belorussian and Ukrainian limits Poland looked straight and looks at the age-old lost in the struggle with Russia and the Soviet Union Colony, "imperial" territory, where the rule of the Polish metropolis had ethnic, political, class, cultural and economic dimension. Если длить популярную сегодня аналогию, то для Польши Литва и особенно её столичный Виленский край - это уже 70 лет как утраченное Косово, часть государственной ойкумены - польско-литовской Речи Посполитой, там, где лежит сердце последнего польского абсолютного вождя Юзефа Пилсудского .
If dlit popular analogy today, then to Poland and Lithuania in particular its capital Wilensky edge - it is already 70 years as a lost Kosovo, part of the state Polymorphism - Polish-Lithuanian Rzeczpospolita, where is the absolute heart of the last Polish leader Jozef Pilsudski.

В видимом из России базисе современной польской идентичности лежат: 1.
In the visible basis of modern Russia Polish identity is based on: 1. традиционный культурно-исторический мессианизм по отношению к "диким сарматам"; 2.
Traditional cultural and historical Messianic against the "wild Sarmatians" 2. государственная идеология, построенная на исторических претензиях к соседям ("историческая политика", возвращённая Адамом Михником в оборот и по неразумию подхваченная на Украине); 3.
state ideology, based on historical claims to neighbours ( "historic policy" returned Adama Mihnikom the speculation and folly podhvachennaya Ukraine) 3. философия мягкого империализма, твёрдо выраженного в имени "кресы" (kresy, окраины) (4), под которым польская традиция понимает Литву, Белоруссию и Украину (на востоке), воссоединённую часть немецкой Польши (на севере и западе).
Philosophy soft imperialism, firmly expressed in the name of "kresy (kresy, margin) (4), under which the Polish tradition understands Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine (in the east), reunited German part of Poland (in the north and west). Само сравнение восточных и западных "кресов" однозначно говорит о том, что "восточные окраины" понимаются как "недовоссоединённые" земли Польши (5).
The mere comparison of eastern and western "kresov" clearly shows that the "eastern margin" is deemed "nedovossoedinennye" land of Poland (5). В этом контексте красноречиво звучит эпизод переговоров министра иностранных дел Польши Юзефа Бека с Гитлером в январе 1939 года, когда одним из условий своего вступления в антисоветский союз с Германией Польша назвала приобретение Украины и выхода к Чёрному морю.
In this context, it sounds eloquent episode of negotiations, Minister for Foreign Affairs of Poland Jozef Beka with Hitler in January 1939, when one of the conditions for its entry into the German anti-Soviet Union called the acquisition of Poland and Ukraine exit to the Black Sea. Бек разъяснил Гитлеру: ""Украина" - это польское слово и означает "восточные пограничные земли". Этим словом поляки вот уже на протяжении десятилетий обозначали земли, расположенные к востоку от их территории, вдоль Днепра" (6).
Beck explained to Hitler: "Ukraine" - is the Polish word and means "eastern border lands." That word Poles has been for decades identify land to the east of their territory along the Dnieper "(6). Создаётся впечатление, что и сегодня именно бывшие польские "кресы", а не сама Россия, остаются в центре внимания российской политики Польши.
It seems that today, and former Polish "kresy" rather than Russia itself remain the focus of the Russian policy in Poland.

Один из недавних руководителей МИД Польши (2000-2001) историк Владислав Бартошевский адресовал России вполне откровенное пожелание: "существует некий общий знаменатель: понимание стремлений соседа... На обогащение содержания наших отношений должно влиять беспристрастное, рациональное толкование... факта образования в непосредственном соседстве с Польшей новых государств: Беларуси, Украины и Литвы. Их независимость является неотъемлемой частью политического ландшафта Европы" (7).
One recent MFA leaders of Poland (2000-2001) historian Wladyslaw Bartoszewski addressed Russia quite frank wish: "there is a common denominator: the desire understanding neighbor ... At enrichment content of our relations should affect fair, rational interpretation of ... the fact of education in direct Neighborhood with Poland new states: Belarus, Ukraine and Lithuania. Their independence is an integral part of the political landscape of Europe "(7). Очевидно, что историк-дипломат не столько удерживает Россию от отрицания независимости названных стран (что выглядит просто глупым подозрением), сколько обозначает особую роль Польши в качестве главного гаранта независимости и покровителя её бывших "кресов" (что выглядит постимперским экспансионизмом).
Obviously, the historian, diplomat not deter Russia from the denial of the independence of these countries (which looks suspiciously simply foolish), but rather refers to the particular role of Poland as the main guarantor of the independence of its former patron and "kresov" (which looks postimperskim expansionism). Надо признать, что Бартошевский был очень прогрессивен, ибо его непосредственный предшественник во главе МИД Польши (1998-2000), историк Бронислав Геремек не ограничивал территорию польской миссии "кресами".
Admittedly, Bartoszewski was a very progressive, as his immediate predecessor, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, led by Poland (1998-2000), historian Bronislaw Geremek, the Polish territory is not limited mission "kresami." Он говорил: "Если Польша хочет выполнить свою роль и быть полезной для мира и Европы, она должна заботиться об определенном уровне знаний о России".
He said: "If Poland wants to fulfil its role and be useful to the world and Europe, it has to worry about a certain level of knowledge about Russia. Удивительно: одно дело, когда национальные политики предлагают России себя в качестве "моста" между нею и Западом: Латвию, Украину, даже Эстонию.
Surprisingly: one case where national policies offer Russia as a "bridge" between it and West: Latvia, Ukraine, even Estonia. Но как географически объяснить предложения "моста" между Россией и Западом, звучащие со стороны, например, Литвы или Польши (или Молдавии) - непонятно.
But how geographically explain the proposals "a bridge" between Russia and the West, played by, for example, Lithuania or Poland (or Moldavia) - incomprehensible. Непонятно, если не замечать, что посреднические функции традиционно понимаются ими как функции оценки и надзора.
Unclear if not notice that mediation is traditionally understood as a function of assessment and oversight. Их нерастраченное "бремя белого человека" ищет себе применения.
Their nerastrachennoe "white man's burden" is looking for a use.

Идеолог современной российской власти, более чем многие испытывающей на себе акты такого миссионерства, свидетельствует: "Рассказы о том, что нынешнее беспрецедентное давление на Россию вызвано недостатками нашей демократии - вздор, глупость. Гораздо умнее разглядеть за этими разговорами иные причины и цели - контроль над природными ресурсами России через ослабление ее государственных институтов, обороноспособности и самостоятельности. Но и это будет некоторым упрощением. Вот что пишет современный исследователь проблем идентичности Ивэр Нойманн: "безотносительно к тому, какие социальные практики приобретали важность в тот или иной период (религиозные, телесные, интеллектуальные, социальные, военные, политические, экономические или какие-то иные [добавим от себя - демократические]), Россия неизменно рассматривается [Западом] как аномалия". И добавляет: "Поскольку исключение - это необходимая составляющая интеграции, возникает соблазн подчеркивать инаковость России ради интеграции европейского я". Все, что мы сейчас видим в реальной политике, все эти расширенные НАТО, средства ПРО, которые надо обязательно размещать, это, конечно, во многом сделано для консолидации западной и центральной Европы вокруг одного, кстати, внеевропейского центра. А для этого нужен миф о каком-то неблагонадежном элементе на окраине, о варварах, которые ходят вдоль границы и издалека помахивают своими азиатскими кулаками" (8).
Ideologist modern Russian authorities, more than many are experiencing the brunt of such acts missionary testifies: "Stories that the current unprecedented pressure on Russia is due to shortcomings of our democracy - nonsense, nonsense.'s Much smarter to see these conversations other reasons and goals - control Russia natural resources through its weakening state institutions, and self-defense. But it will be some simplification. writes This is what modern researcher identity problems Iver Neumann: "irrespective of what social practices acquired importance in a given period (religious, corporal, intellectual, social, military, political, economic or any other [add from themselves - democratic]), Russia has always considered [the West] as an anomaly. "And adds:" As an exception - it is an integral part of the integration, there is a temptation to emphasize the difference Russia I sake of European integration. "All that we now see in real politics, all these extended NATO air defense funds, which must necessarily run, it is, of course, done much to consolidate the western and central Europe around one, in fact, outside the centre. A need for this myth about some neblagonadezhnom element on the outskirts of barbarians who walk long distances along the border and pomahivayut their Asian fists "(8).

Примечательно, что именно "новая Европа", оснащённая всеми своими советскими комплексами, становится обоюдоострым орудием евроатлантической консолидации: и на Запад, и на Восток.
Notably, the "new Europe" which has all of its Soviet complexes, it has become a double-edged instrument of the Euro-Atlantic consolidation: and the West and the East. Не удовлетворившись локальной задачей приведения стран Закавказья к евроатлантическим стандартам (9), Литва стала соперничать с Польшей на вразумлении постсоветского пространства и России в целом.
Not content with bringing local challenge to the Caucasus countries of Euro-Atlantic standards (9), Lithuania became compete with Poland in the post-Soviet space and didst Russia as a whole. Апогеем этих претензий стали мероприятия мая 2006 года в Вильнюсе, посвящённые "единому видению общего соседства", в которых приняли участие первые лица Литвы, Латвии, Эстонии, Польши, Украины, Молдавии, Болгарии, Румынии, Армении, Грузии, Азербайджана, вице-президент США Дик Чейни и верховный представитель ЕС по внешней политике и политике безопасности Хавьер Солана (http://64.233.179.104/translate_c?hl=en&langpair=ru%7Cen&u=http://www.regnum.ru/look/d5e0e2fce5f020d1eeebe0 ede0/) , - то есть все европейские республики бывшего СССР (в том числе - остро враждующие), страны, ожидавшие вступления в ЕС (Болгария и Румыния), и их кураторы.
Apogee of these claims have become events of May 2006 in Vilnius, on the "common vision of a single neighborhood, which was attended by the first person Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Poland, Ukraine, Moldova, Bulgaria, Romania, Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Vice President USA Dick Cheney and EU High Representative for Foreign and Security Policy Javier Solana (http://64.233.179.104/translate_c?hl=en&langpair=ru%7Cen&u=http://www.regnum.ru/look/d5e0e2fce5f020d1eeebe0 ede0/) - that is, all the European republics of the former Soviet Union (including - sharp rival), the country awaiting EU membership (Bulgaria and Romania) and their curators. Хотя официально Вильнюсские сборы были посвящены внутренним делам их участников - умозрительному "региональному сотрудничеству стран Черного и Балтийского моря" - однако их главной темой стало "продвижение демократии на Восток", в Россию и Белоруссию.
Although officially Vilnyusskie charges focused on the internal affairs of their countries - speculative "regional cooperation and the Baltic countries of the Black Sea" - but its main theme was the "promotion of democracy in the East, to Russia and Belarus.

Предоставив свою столицу для демонстрации нового "санитарного кордона", президент Литвы Валдас Адамкус (http://64.233.179.104/translate_c?hl=en&langpair=ru%7Cen&u=http://www.regnum.ru/look/c2e0ebe4e0f120c0e4e0ec eaf3f1/) доверительно признался коллегам, что "опасность возникновения новых "железных занавесов" остается по сей день, и в ближайшем соседстве с Литвой есть страны, избегающие демократических изменений"...
By providing the capital to demonstrate its new "cordon sanitaire", Lithuanian President Valdas Adamkus, (http://64.233.179.104/translate_c?hl=en&langpair=ru%7Cen&u=http://www.regnum.ru/look/c2e0ebe4e0f120c0e4e0ec eaf3f1/) confidential colleagues admitted that the "risk of new" iron curtains "remains to this day, and in the immediate neighbourhood with Lithuania is a country avoid democratic changes" ... однако нет таких стен и таких дверей, которые демократия не смогла бы преодолеть, следует объединить свои усилия и создать единую и свободную Европу "от Адриатики до Каспия" и т.п.
but there are no such walls and doors that democracy would not be able to overcome, should combine their efforts and create a united and free Europe "from the Adriatic to the Caspian Sea", etc. (10).

Неправительственная группа поддержки участников форума была ещё откровеннее: "Силы притяжения Европы, возможно, не хватит, чтобы компенсировать исходящую от России силу принуждения. Чтобы ясно заявить свою волю и интересы на востоке Европы, Евроатлантическому Сообществу необходима новая смелая программа действий... ЕС необходимо разработать более смелую, более последовательную и согласованную внешнюю политику и политику безопасности по отношению к восточной части Европы, до того, как это станет "слишком поздно". ЕС нужно создать активную политику развития демократии, а также адекватные инструменты для оказания прямой и гибкой поддержки демократическим образованиям и гражданским обществам в Восточной Европе" (11).
The non-governmental group supporting the participants of the forum was still outspoken: "The forces of gravity of Europe may not be enough to compensate Russia emanating from the force of coercion. Order to state clearly its will and interests in eastern Europe, a new Atlantic Community bold programme of action ... must EU develop a more ambitious, more consistent and coherent foreign and security policy towards eastern Europe, before it becomes too late. "EU need to create an active policy of promoting democracy, as well as adequate tools to provide direct and flexible support democratic entities and civil societies in Eastern Europe "(11). Столь возбуждённая (хотя и возбуждённая по заранее согласованному плану (12)) воинственная риторика вождей и общественников была бы, по преимуществу, пуста и условна, если бы её прикладную, техническую, инструментальную суть не раскрыл в своей вильнюсской речи хозяин - вице-президент США: "Россия никого не должна бояться, должна перешагнуть через давние обиды... Никто из нас не думает, что Россия должна быть врагом".
It is the excited (although proceeding commenced on an agreed plan in advance (12)) bellicose rhetoric chiefs and volunteers would for the most part, empty and conventional, if its Applied, technical, instrumental is not disclosed in its Vilnius speech boss - Vice-President of the United States : "Russia should not be afraid of anyone, should move through the long-standing resentment ... None of us thinks that Russia must be the enemy."

Была ли Литва жертвой этой новой "фултонской речи", прямо соединившей интересы военно-политической экспансии США в "ближнем зарубежье" России с угрозой объявления её "врагом"?
Did Lithuania victim of this new "fultonskoy speech, directly connecting the interests of the military and political expansion in the United States" near abroad "of Russia with the threat announcement of its" enemy "? Думается, нет.
I think not. Литва, в отличие от других участников вильнюсского саммита, потому с особым усилием послужила "новому Фултону", что её собственный исторический опыт был переосмыслен ею как своеобразный "демократический империализм", для которого даже многие демократические коллеги по саммиту были не участниками, а объектами воспитания.
Lithuania, unlike other parties the Vilnius summit because of the efforts served as a special "new Fultonu" that its own historical experience has been tapped her as a "democratic imperialism" for which even many democratic colleagues in the summit were not actors and objects education . Самые свежие данные из политической биографии президента Литвы убеждают нас в этом.
The most recent figures from the political biography of the President of Lithuania convince us of this. 8 января 2008 года Валдас Адамкус выступил в МИДе Литвы о целях внешней политики так: "У нас славная история, охватывающая регион вплоть до Черного моря, где до сих пор звучит имя Литвы... Мы будем не только распространять свою культуру за рубежом, но и упрочивать распространение демократии".
January 8, 2008 Valdas Adamkus of Lithuania made in the Foreign Ministry on the purpose of foreign policy is: "We have a glorious history, covering the region down to the Black Sea, which still sounds to Lithuania ... We will not only spread their culture abroad, but and enhance the spread of democracy. " А в конце января 2008-го он заявил: "Возникает вопрос, не является ли резкое финансовое возрождение для нового руководства России стимулом вернуться к холодной войне... Это историческая проблема... Россия хочет доминировать и диктовать".
And, in late January 2008 - the first, he said: "The question arises whether the sharp financial revival for the new management incentive to return to Russia Cold War ... This is a historic problem ... Russia wants to dominate and dictate." Пресс-секретарь президента Литвы разъяснила его слова: "Литва живет по соседству с Россией и долг Литвы предупредить о возможной опасности" (13).

[al_gy]

The press secretary of the Lithuanian President explained his words: "Lithuania is living side by side with Russia and Lithuania duty to warn about the possible danger" (13).
Вновь приходится удивляться, что польско-литовская страсть к достижению Чёрного моря почему-то видит своим противником именно Россию, а, например, неизбежной транзитной Украины на пути этой "балтийско-черноморской" экспансии - для этой страсти нет в природе.
Again surprising that the Polish-Lithuanian passion to reach the Black Sea for some reason sees his enemy precisely Russia, but, for example, the inevitable transit Ukraine on the path of the "Baltic-Black Sea" expansion - for that is not in the nature of passion.


Точно так же для самих польско-литовских "кресов", Белоруссии и Украины, такой метрополии и, значит, её столь натужно педалируемых инстинктов - просто не существует.
Similarly for the Polish-Lithuanian themselves "kresov, Belarus and Ukraine, a metropolis and, hence, its so natuzhno pedaliruemyh instincts - simply does not exist.
Для Украины "країни ближнього зарубіжжя" - это, как правило, страны СНГ или даже бывшего СССР (Грузия, Казахстан, Латвия и Эстония, но не Литва).
For Ukraine, "Peta blizhnogo зарубіжжя" - is usually the CIS, or even the former Soviet Union (Georgia, Kazakhstan, Latvia, and Estonia, but not Lithuania).
Так что даже нечастое включение Польши и Румынии (14) в круг украинского "ближнего зарубежья" следует признать особым геополитическим прогрессом.
So rare that even the inclusion of Poland and Romania (14) in terms of the Ukrainian "near abroad" should recognize the special geopolitical developments.
"Ближнее зарубежье" (или: "сфера непосредственных интересов" (15)) политической Белоруссии географически просто и прагматично: Украина, Литва, Латвия, Россия, с расширением на СНГ.
"near abroad" (or: "the immediate sphere of interest" (15)) political Belarus simply geographically and pragmatically: Ukraine, Lithuania, Latvia, Russia, the expansion in the CIS.
Но и оно не оставляет места для Польши.
But it leaves no room for Poland.
Польши в белорусском "ближнем зарубежье" тоже нет.
Belarusian Poland in "near abroad" is not.
Глядя на такую прохладную в отношении исторических галлюцинаций Варшавы и Вильнюса символическую географию Белоруссии и Украины, хочется напомнить президенту Литвы стихи литовского классика, обращённые к князю-основателю ВКЛ:
Looking at such a cool against historical hallucinations Warsaw and Vilnius symbolic geography of Belarus and Ukraine, wants to remind the President of Lithuania Lithuanian classic poems addressed to the Prince-founder of GDL:


"Призовите Витовта / от Черного моря / поворотить коня, / к душе обернуться ....
"Prizovite Vitovta / from the Black Sea recover horse, / soul to become ....


Призовите Витовта: / наша кровь не желает / течь вслед за ним / до Черного моря" . (16)
Vitovta Challenge: / Our blood is not willing / run followed by / to the Black Sea. "(16)


Очевидно, что, превратив общую (в целом позитивную) для литовцев, русских, украинцев и белорусов историческую память о ВКЛ во второстепенный инструмент политической экспансии США, современный литовский политический класс фактически изменил и своей собственной истории.
Obviously, making the total (general positive) for the Lithuanians, Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians historical memory of the GDL secondary tool in the political expansion USA, a modern Lithuanian actually changed the political class and its own history.


* * *
* * *


Апелляция к своему историческому опыту как "естественному праву" на эксклюзивное знание России и правил борьбы против её "доминирования" - вот суть претензий стран Прибалтики на евроатлантическое "воспитание" Закавказья, а Прибалтики плюс ГУАМ (http://64.233.179.104/translate_c?hl=en&langpair=ru%7Cen&u=http://www.regnum.ru/look/c3d3c0cc/) (Грузия, Украина, Азербайджан, Молдавия) - на такое же "воспитание" Средней Азии и Казахстана (17).
Appeal to their own historical experience as a "natural law" to the exclusive knowledge of Russia and its rules against "domination" - that is the essence of the claims in the Baltic Euro-Atlantic "education" Caucasus and Baltic states plus GUAM (http://64.233.179.104/translate_c?hl=en&langpair=ru%7Cen&u=http://www.regnum.ru/look/c3d3c0cc/) (Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan, Moldova) - at the the same "education" of Central Asia and Kazakhstan (17).
Получается, что вне этой экспертизы у евроатлантических "новых соседей" попросту нет никакого другого исторического единства и политической роли?
It turns out that this expertise from outside the Euro-Atlantic "new neighbors" simply is no other historical unity and political role?
И единственная их современная задача - "миссионерское знание" о России?
And they only today's challenge - "Missionary knowledge" about Russia?
But who actually supports customer of the "knowledge" - in fact, no matter how mean a personal experience of the Soviet post-Soviet (national-communist) political class countries of the former Soviet Union, is unlikely to Russia applied science in the United States (18), Great Britain or Germany needs in the translator. So, their main profession - not knowing, and the neighborhood. But - well, not every neighborhood parasitism. Being samosoznayuschey their capabilities and interests of the transit power, communications, the marine and pipeline gate big neighbour - a large fortune (few who refused to have inherited from the Soviet Union finished transport infrastructure: it is known that the rate of return from the person who distributes, always higher rate of return producer). Being samosoznayuschey their capabilities and interests of the transit power, communications, the marine and pipeline gate big neighbour - a large fortune (few who refused to have inherited from the Soviet Union finished transport infrastructure: it is known that the rate of return from the person who distributes, always higher rate of return producer).

But the fate of a new "near abroad" EU and Russia includes a range of temptations. New state chooses a new myth: the myth is a new edition of aggressive nationalism, has already shown itself a classic wars Euro-Asian dictatorship, either direct to European fascism. Instead of the first acts of his "historic policy" repent to the victims of their own dictatorships or victims Federal Hitlerism them, these "new natsionalizmy" call from another victim, from Russia, repentance and contributions. You can call this policy "historic", but considered it "values politics" is not the language turns, as the baggage of those values - nationalism and police dictatorship. In any case - it does not own neighbourhood policy interests neighbourhood of peace and solidarity.

This is - policy grounds ( "unsinkable aircraft carrier"), which in principle can not be positive own interests. But there is room for a new edition of an old, small, tschedushnogo imperialism.

During the twenty years before the fall of the Soviet Union, when this coming fall and spoke only driven insane, a famous Soviet dissident Andrei Amalrik made a prophetic forecast on the mechanics and implications of the disappearance of the Soviet Union. He wrote: "The Soviet Union, following the Stalinist policy of territorial expansion and strengthening voltage, maximum expanded its sphere of influence and thus created a potential threat. Given the current situation in Europe is now supported only constant pressure from the Soviet Union, we can assume that as soon as pressures subside or get lost in Central and Eastern Europe will change significantly ... It seems that the reunification of Germany would coincide with the "desovietization" Eastern European countries and considerably speed up the process. hard to say how it will go and what form take, but ... lead, it was clear to the national-communist regimes, for each country, of a sort of semblance dokommunisticheskogo regime .... "desovetizirovannye" Eastern European countries crust as a knight without reins, and seeing impotence Soviet Union in Europe, nezabytye present, Although long cor territorial claims: Poland - in Lviv and Vilnius, Germany - to Kaliningrad, Hungary - in Transcarpathia, Romania - in Bessarabia. not exclude the possibility that Finland also produces claim to Vyborg and Pechengu. is very likely that, as all more bogged USSR in the war, Japan also produces territorial claims on the Kurils first, and then to Sakhalin, and then, if progress will win China, and part of the Soviet Far East ... " He wrote: "The Soviet Union, following the Stalinist policy of territorial expansion and strengthening voltage, maximum expanded its sphere of influence and thus created a potential threat. Given the current situation in Europe is now supported only constant pressure from the Soviet Union, we can assume that as soon as pressures subside or get lost in Central and Eastern Europe will change significantly ... It seems that the reunification of Germany would coincide with the "desovietization" Eastern European countries and considerably speed up the process. hard to say how it will go and what form take, but ... lead, it was clear to the national-communist regimes, for each country, of a sort of semblance dokommunisticheskogo regime .... "desovetizirovannye" Eastern European countries crust as a knight without reins, and seeing impotence Soviet Union in Europe, nezabytye present, Although long cor territorial claims: Poland - in Lviv and Vilnius, Germany - to Kaliningrad, Hungary - in Transcarpathia, Romania - in Bessarabia. not exclude the possibility that Finland also produces claim to Vyborg and Pechengu. is very likely that, as all more bogged USSR in the war, Japan also produces territorial claims on the Kurils first, and then to Sakhalin, and then, if progress will win China, and part of the Soviet Far East ... " (19).

* * *

(1) As well as the rest of the former. USSR. In contrast, the modern state practice Russia and the CIS, the Baltic countries vedomstvenno almost perfectly divided.

(2) The application of a number of aliases, similar EU's Near Abroad (virtual enlargement of EU - New Neighbourhood - Wider Europe) to see it Transcaucasia Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of Armenia, Armenia's former ambassador to the United States Ruben Shugaryana at the University of Michigan (Detroit) 22 October 2004: Rouben Shugarian. (2) The application of a number of aliases, similar EU's Near Abroad (virtual enlargement of EU - New Neighbourhood - Wider Europe) to see it Transcaucasia Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of Armenia, Armenia's former ambassador to the United States Ruben Shugaryana at the University of Michigan (Detroit) 22 October 2004: Rouben Shugarian. From the Near Abroad to the New Neighborhood ... The South Caucasus on the Way to Europe. A few Connotations of the Black Sea Context / / www.armeniaforeignministry.am/speeches/041022_shug arian_michigan.html

(3) In response, Iran proposed a regional scheme "3 +3" (Russia, Iran, Turkey + Azerbaijan, Georgia, Armenia) in 2003-2006. Euro, the administration led by Bush, Jr., attempted to build an even more speculative - a transregional draft "3 +3" (Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia + Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan), but it (as well as another "initiative" Lithuania -- "Vilnius Ten") failed. Euro, the administration led by Bush, Jr., attempted to build an even more speculative - a transregional draft "3 +3" (Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia + Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan), but it (as well as another "initiative" Lithuania -- "Vilnius Ten") failed. Too sudden and proved insurmountable for the sponsors of mutual jealousy Baltic countries and, most importantly, the depth of conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan, which even in the face of apparent unity of the Baltic troika was inappropriate. Since then, the Baltic countries in turn, individually, but simultaneously, on a single model, and the plan served as the Euro-Atlantic "tutors" in the countries of South Caucasus - formally on a bilateral basis. See about this: Victor Olzhich: The geopolitical claims of Lithuania: the origins of the new mechanism and call Russia (4 2003): www.regnum.ru/news/164051.html; the interests of Lithuania Armenia in the Caucasus: Interview Armenian Deputy Foreign Minister Ruben Eldar (29 September 2003): www.regnum.ru/news/161275.html; Pribaltiysko-Yuzhnokavkazskomu "3 +3" Heydar Aliyev prevented disease: an interview with the Lithuanian Ambassador Rimantas Shidlauskasa in Armenia (29 May 2004): www.regnum.ru / news/269049.html; Baltic + South Caucasus: Saakashvili confident Kocharian ranges (22 October 2004): www.regnum.ru/news/347243.html; Victor Olzhich: Geopolitics Vilnius: Lithuania agrees with why the Ukrainian leadership in the region? See about this: Victor Olzhich: The geopolitical claims of Lithuania: the origins of the new mechanism and call Russia (4 2003): www.regnum.ru/news/164051.html; the interests of Lithuania Armenia in the Caucasus: Interview Armenian Deputy Foreign Minister Ruben Eldar (29 September 2003): www.regnum.ru/news/161275.html; Pribaltiysko-Yuzhnokavkazskomu "3 +3" Heydar Aliyev prevented disease: an interview with the Lithuanian Ambassador Rimantas Shidlauskasa in Armenia (29 May 2004): www.regnum.ru / news/269049.html; Baltic + South Caucasus: Saakashvili confident Kocharian ranges (22 October 2004): www.regnum.ru/news/347243.html; Victor Olzhich: Geopolitics Vilnius: Lithuania agrees with why the Ukrainian leadership in the region? (6 September 2005): www.regnum.ru/news/508221.html.

(4) Despite the understandable analogue in Russian na Kresach - in the Ukraine, neutral translation - the "margin". Kresy Wschodnie (eastern margin) included Lithuanian and Slavic lands to Riga, Rzhev, Gomel and south - Wild border fields, access to the Black Sea and the Dnieper between Dnestr; Kresy Zachodnie (western outskirts) - Gdanskoe Pomerania, Silesia and other Gornuyu -- now comprising Poland. Kresy Wschodnie (eastern margin) included Lithuanian and Slavic lands to Riga, Rzhev, Gomel and south - Wild border fields, access to the Black Sea and the Dnieper between Dnestr; Kresy Zachodnie (western outskirts) - Gdanskoe Pomerania, Silesia and other Gornuyu -- now comprising Poland. See: Stanisław Kolanowski. Kresy Wschodnie / / Nieruchomości CHBeck: Prawo. Podatki. Praktyka. 2006. Numer 9 (www.nieruchomosci.beck.pl/index.php?mod=m_artykul y&cid=16&id=1004).

(5) It can not be said that this use of the name "margins" specifically Polish. For example, the Moscow publishing house "The new literary review" has included in its draft series outskirts Russian Empire, "describe not only Poland, Ukraine, but also the North Caucasus, Siberia. It is clear that this internal assimilation of national or geographical regions of Russia Independent States eats purely political pathos, but the Polish opposite: namely, the approval of not less pathos unity, and the further division of the country.

(6) God crisis: 1938-1939. Documents and materials in 2 - x vols. / FM USSR. Moscow, 1990 (Document 102).

(7) Vladyslav Bartosiewski. Polish-Russian relations (view from Warsaw) / / Modern Europe. April - June 2001. Vol. 2.

(8), Vladislav Surkov. "Russian political culture. Vision of Utopia" (June 2007).

(9) In February 2005, organized at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Lithuania and the United States Conference of the "3 + 3" Lithuanian FM Antanas Valionis explicitly acknowledged that addresses the Transcaucasus is not on its own initiative, and together with Europe and American partners. "

(10) Lithuanian President: Create a united and free Europe from the Caspian Sea to the Adriatic (4 May 2006) / / http://www.regnum.ru/news/634673.html.

(11) "Oldest and new democracies, should make every effort to Russia and Belarus marching with them in the leg." Full text of the Declaration of the NGO Forum (4 May 2006) / / http://www.regnum.ru/news/634660.html.

(12) "The conclusions of the conference were pre-programmed": Interview of Russian participant in the international conference "Common Vision for Common Neighborhood" (15 May 2006) / / http://www.regnum.ru/news/639789.html: "In the margins of the representatives of Germany and the Nordic countries ... stressed that the forum is dominated by representatives of the United States ... American organizations held consultations with the delegations of Moldova, Georgia, Ukraine, the Baltic countries, Belarus .... conclusions of the conference were pre-programmed. And I think that omit uneasy situation with democracy in Georgia and Azerbaijan is also linked to American interests in these regions. Basically, it demonstrated once and for the ensuing forum Dick Cheney visit to Kazakhstan, where he said not a word about the situation with democracy, but many talked about how You can transport oil and gas bypassing Russia "(12)" The conclusions of the conference were pre-programmed ": Interview of Russian participant in the international conference" Common Vision for Common Neighborhood "(15 May 2006) / / http://www.regnum.ru/news/ 639789.html: "In the margins of the representatives of Germany and the Nordic countries ... stressed that the forum is dominated by representatives of the United States ... American organizations held consultations with the delegations of Moldova, Georgia, Ukraine, the Baltic countries, Belarus .... conclusions of the conference were pre - programmed. And I think that omit difficult situation with democracy in Georgia and Azerbaijan is also linked to American interests in these regions. Basically, it demonstrated once and for the ensuing forum Dick Cheney visit to Kazakhstan, where he said not a word about the situation with democracy, but many talked about how to transport oil and gas bypassing Russia "

(13) United States called Lithuanian criticism of Russia "nonsense": Lithuania per week (25 January 2008) / / http://www.regnum.ru/news/fd-abroad/litva/948092.html: In the absence of Vice President Dick Cheney, U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice disavowed suspicions about another "zakazannosti" Lithuanian radicalism: "Recent talk of a new cold war - exaggerated nonsense (hyperbolized nonsense) (13) USA called Lithuanian criticism of Russia" nonsense ": Lithuania per week (25 January 2008 ) / / http://www.regnum.ru/news/fd-abroad/litva/948092.html: In the absence of Vice President Dick Cheney, Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice disavowed the United States on suspicion regular "zakazannosti" Lithuanian radicalism: "Recent conversations of a new Cold War - exaggerated nonsense (hyperbolized nonsense) "

(14) For example: Рішення № 4 sections on "Information Technology in the system of economics and" Третьої міжнародної Scientific and практичній конференції "The problem впровадження інформаційних Technology in economics" m. Stable, DPS Academy of Ukraine, 15-17 травня 2002 district. / / http://nc.ufei.ukrsat.com/kyrsi 202002/richenia%% 20sekcija_4.htm see also: http://www.liveinternet.ru/users/1552162/post50501 367; http://vip. lviv.ua? p = 237. / / http://nc.ufei.ukrsat.com/kyrsi 202002/richenia%% 20sekcija_4.htm see also: http://www.liveinternet.ru/users/1552162/post50501 367; http://vip. lviv.ua? p = 237.

(15) "The priorities and directions of foreign policy" on the site of President Lukashenko of Belarus AG: # http://president.gov.by/press46194.html doc (the same - at the MFA: http://www.mfa .gov.by/ru/foreign-policy/general/fe66ec1c5bfac5c0.html) (15) "The priorities and directions of foreign policy" on the site of President Lukashenko of Belarus AG: http://president.gov.by/press46194.html # doc (the same - at the MFA: http://www.mfa .gov.by/ru/foreign-policy/general/fe66ec1c5bfac5c0.html)

(16) Justinas Martsinkyavichyus. "Vitovt: ON (Justinas Marcinkevičus. LDK). Translation c Lithuanian George Efremova.

(17) See for example the visit to Bishkek, the heads of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine and Georgia with a special message: Joint treated Yushchenko and Saakashvili to the Kyrgyz people (31 March 2005) / / www.regnum.ru/news/430970.html.

RIA Novosti
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(18) Practical Soviet created in the United States, not least those from Poland, as Richard Pipes and Zbigniew Brzezinski, and has created such statesmen as the current Minister of Defence and former CIA Director Robert Gates and Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice.

(19) 1984 years? " (1969)

Permanent Address news: www.regnum.ru/news/952151.html
06:39 05.02.2008
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Педагогу-педофилу назначили наказание 2 года условно (Мурманская область) Educator-paedophile appointed punishment conditionally 2 years (Murmansk)

Оленегорский городской суд (Мурманская область) 4 февраля вынес приговор преподавателю местного туристического кружка, которого обвиняли в насильственных действиях сексуального характера в отношении несовершеннолетних. Olenegorsky City Court (Murmansk) 4 February sentenced teachers local tourist circle, which is accused of sexual violence against minors. Об этом корреспонденту ИА REGNUM (http://64.233.179.104/translate_c?hl=en&langpair=ru%7Cen&u=http://www.regnum.ru/) рассказал старший следователь мончегорского межрайонного отдела следственного управления при прокуратуре РФ по Мурманской области Сергей Еременко . The decision IA REGNUM (http://64.233.179.104/translate_c?hl=en&langpair=ru%7Cen&u=http://www.regnum.ru/) told senior investigator monchegorskogo Interregional Department Investigation Department of the Procuracy of the Russian Federation Sergey Eremenko Murmansk region. По его словам, 37-летнему мужчине назначили наказание в виде двух лет лишения свободы условно. According to him, 37 - Daylight man nominated penalty of two years' deprivation of liberty.
"Мы обязательно будем обжаловать приговор в вышестоящих инстанциях, ведь мы просили у суда назначить наказание в виде 10 лет тюрьмы, - уточнил Еременко. - Мы считаем полностью доказанными пять эпизодов, когда преподаватель, используя беспомощное состояние своих несовершеннолетних жертв, совершал насильственные действия сексуального характера, а именно: действия, имеющие признаки педофилии". "We will be sure to appeal to higher authorities, because we have asked the court to appoint a penalty of 10 years jail - clarified Eremenko. - We believe fully proven five episodes, the teacher, using the helpless state of their minor victims, committing violent acts of a sexual nature namely: the actions are signs of paedophilia. "
Советский Спорт Sovetsky Sport


Роман Павлюченко: Мне нужен кнут (http://64.233.179.104/translate_c?hl=en&langpair=ru%7Cen&u=http://www.regnum.ru/goto/%3F0:42:http://www.sov sport.ru) Roman Pavlyuchenko: "I want a stick (http://64.233.179.104/translate_c?hl=en&langpair=ru%7Cen&u=http://www.regnum.ru/goto/%3F0:42:http://www.sov sport.ru)
Быстров: "Люблю забивать "Зениту"! (http://64.233.179.104/translate_c?hl=en&langpair=ru%7Cen&u=http://www.regnum.ru/goto/%3F0:42:http://www.sov sport.ru/gazeta/default.asp%3Fdate%3D2008/2/5%26id %3D281636) Bystrov: "I love to score" Zenith "! (http://64.233.179.104/translate_c?hl=en&langpair=ru%7Cen&u=http://www.regnum.ru/goto/%3F0:42:http://www.sov sport.ru/gazeta/default.asp%3Fdate%3D2008/2/5%26id %3D281636)
Три футболиста отстранены от матчей (http://64.233.179.104/translate_c?hl=en&langpair=ru%7Cen&u=http://www.regnum.ru/goto/%3F0:42:http://www.sov sport.ru/news/default.asp%3Fp%3D6%26id%3D281214) Three football player suspended from matches (http://64.233.179.104/translate_c?hl=en&langpair=ru%7Cen&u=http://www.regnum.ru/goto/%3F0:42:http://www.sov sport.ru/news/default.asp%3Fp%3D6%26id%3D281214)
Суд такой мягкий приговор объяснил тем, что события, которые указываются в обвинительном заключении, происходили в течение нескольких лет. The Court explained such a light sentence so that the events specified in the indictment, took place over several years. Значит дети были не против происходящего. So the children were not against everything. "И еще не известно насколько беспомощными были 12-13 летние дети", - сказал судья. "I still do not know how helpless were 12-13 year old children" - the judge said. В связи с этим он переквалифицировал обвинение в изнасиловании в обвинение в осуществлении развратных действий. In this regard, he repealed the charge of rape in charge of implementing indecent. Приговор еще не вступил в законную силу. The verdict has not yet entered into force.

[al_gy]

http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/44415000/jpg/ _44415970_williams203b.jpg Dr Williams is said to be shocked by the response to his comments


http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk/nol/shared/img/printer_f riendly/news_logo.gif
Archbishop under pressure to quit
The Archbishop of Canterbury continues to face calls for his resignation despite attempts to defuse the row over his Islamic Sharia law comments.

Dr Rowan Williams has been condemned from inside and outside his church for saying the adoption of parts of the law was "unavoidable" in Britain.
At least two General Synod members have called for him to quit and he has been heckled as he left a church service.
But supporters say his comments have been misinterpreted.
The archbishop is said to be shocked and hurt by the hostility his comments have provoked, and on his website he said he "certainly did not call for its introduction as some kind of parallel jurisdiction to the civil law".
However the criticism mounted as his predecessor Lord George Carey accused Dr Williams of overstating the case for accommodating Islamic legal codes.
'Brilliant scholar'
Writing in the News of the World, Lord Carey warned: "His acceptance of some Muslim laws within British law would be disastrous for the nation."
But he said Dr Williams should not be forced to quit over his remarks, adding: "He is a great leader in the Anglican tradition and he has a very important role to play in the Church."

I sense he would be far happier in a university where he can kick around these sorts of ideas
Synod member Col Edward Armitstead

Members of the Synod - the Church of England's national assembly - will have the opportunity of tabling a motion to discuss the issue at the body's biannual meeting, starting on Monday.
Dr Williams was offered support by the Right Reverend George Cassidy, Bishop of Southwell and Nottingham, who branded the reaction "hysterical" and said the archbishop was simply trying to take forward a serious public debate.
Meanwhile, the Very Reverend Colin Slee, Dean of Southwark Cathedral, said the archbishop's advisors were not up to the job.
Biblical leadership
"I have said to him on many occasions that his staff actually aren't up to the job and he needs a bigger staff and more expert advice," he said.
Islamic Sharia law is a legal and social code designed to help Muslims live their daily lives, but it has proved controversial in the West for the extreme nature of some of its punishments.
Col Edward Armitstead, a Synod member from the diocese of Bath and Wells, was among those calling for Dr Williams to step down, telling the Daily Telegraph: "I don't think he is the man for the job."

He is undoubtedly one of the finest minds of this nation
Rt Rev Stephen Lowe

He said: "One wants to be charitable, but I sense that he would be far happier in a university where he can kick around these sorts of ideas."
Alison Ruoff, a Synod member from London, said: "Many people, huge numbers of people, would be greatly relieved [if he resigned] because he sits on the fence over all sorts of things and we need strong, Christian, biblical leadership right now, as opposed to somebody who huffs and puffs around and vacillates from one thing to another.
"He's a very able, a brilliant scholar as a man but in terms of being a leader of the Christian community I think he's actually at the moment a disaster."
'A disaster'
Brig William Dobbie, a former Synod member, described the archbishop as "a disaster, a tragic mistake".

SHARIA LAW
Sharia law is Islam's legal system
It is derived from the Koran and the life of the prophet Mohammed
Sharia rulings help Muslims understand how they should lead their lives
A formal legal ruling is called a fatwa
In the West, Sharia courts deal mainly with family and business issues
English law recognises religious courts as a means of arbitration



The statement on the archbishop's website said Dr Williams had pointed out that "as a matter of fact, certain provisions of Sharia are already recognised in our society and under our law".
The statement said he was "exploring ways in which reasonable accommodation might be made within existing arrangements for religious conscience".
It also said his principal aim was "to tease out some of the broader issues around the rights of religious groups within a secular state".
And he said he did not initiate the idea but simply agreed when that proposition was put to him.
Dr Williams made his first public appearance since the controversy erupted at a thanksgiving service on Saturday but made no comment on the row.
'Politically naive'
The service, at Great St Mary's in Cambridge, was held to give thanks for the life of the Rev Professor Charles Moule, a New Testament scholar who died last year.
As Dr Williams left the church, one person shouted "resign" and a couple of people booed, but there were no signs of any protests.
The archbishop has been defended by the most senior woman priest in the Church of England, the Dean of Salisbury the Very Reverend June Osborne, who said he was right to discuss Sharia law.
"We can say he may have been politically naive [but] I don't think he was.
"Our society needs to be provoked into talking about these things. I would say that all of the law of Britain has got to work within the very high standards of human rights and Christian principles."
The Muslim Council of Britain (MCB) said it was grateful for the archbishop's "thoughtful intervention" on the discussion of the place of Islam and Muslims in modern Britain.




Story from BBC NEWS:
http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/uk_news/7236849.stm

Published: 2008/02/09 19:58:31 GMT

© BBC MMVIII

[al_gy]

http://www.defenselink.mil/dodcmsshare/homepagepho to/2008-02/thmb_080208-F-6655M-157a.jpg (http://www.defenselink.mil/dodcmsshare/homepageph oto/2008-02/hires_080208-F-6655M-157a.jpg)2/9/2008PRESS TALKDefense Secretary Robert M. Gates talks with members of the press onboard a U.S. Air Force aircraft, Feb. 8, 2008. Gates traveled to Vilnius, Lithuania, this week to meet informally with NATO ministers before heading to Germany for the 44th Munich Conference on Security Policy. Defense Dept. photo by U.S. Air Force Tech. Sgt. Jerry Morrison

[exitwound]

I suspect that Gaius will have a lot to say in this thread when he returns in a few days' time from his latest trip to Southern Russia in search of enough money to pay the bribes etc. required to get his permanent Visa for travel and eventual naturalization/citizenship here in the USA....

[al_gy]

I suspect that Gaius will have a lot to say in this thread when he returns in a few days' time from his latest trip to Southern Russia in search of enough money to pay the bribes etc. required to get his permanent Visa for travel and eventual naturalization/citizenship here in the USA.... lol,

check his bag for a new russian wife lololol ......

[al_gy]

26 – 27 февраля 2008 года, выставочныйкомплекс Finnexpo, Хельсинки
Договор для резервирования стенда
Инструкция:
Просим заполнить все графы заявки на участие. Информация, которую вы нам сообщите в договоре будет использована в дальнейшем для подготовки всей литературы по выставке и будет использована в специальных рассылках. Уведомление StocExpo об изменениях в сообщенной информации является обязанностью экспонента.
*** Невозвращаемый депозит в размере 30% от полной стоимости участия в выставке должен быть заплачен в момент резервирования стенда и баланс должен быть заплачен до 30 декабря 2007 года. Чеки должны быть выписаны на StocExpo Ltd
Отказ от участия: В случае отказа от участия после 31 декабря 2007 года стоимость внесенная за резервирование стенда возвращена на будет.

***Просим отдельно отметить что для резервирования стенда, депозит должен быть проплачен в день получения счета, в противном случае мы не гарантируем позицию стенда, согласно первоначальному договору.
Расценки на стенды: (Не включая НДС в 22% в Финляндии)

Размеры Цена
9m2 [3 x 3m2] €330 за 1 m2
18m2 [3 x 6m2] €315 за 1 m2
27m2 [3 x 9m2] €305 за 1 m2
36m2 €300 за 1 m2
Минимальный размер стенда – 9 м². Для обсуждения размеров больше указанных выгше просим связаться с Нике Ажибоде по телефону +44 (0)20 8648 7078

1.Цена расcчитана только исходя из размеров стенда.
2. За дополнительное оборудование для стенда (разделительные перегородки, табличка с названием компании, 3 светильника, источник питания и ковер) берется плата в размере €90 за 1 м² .
3. Стенды закрашенные зеленым цветомимеют надбавку в 10% от суммы рассчитанной исходя из размера стенда.
4. Все угловые стенды также имеют надбавку в 10% от суммы рассчитанной исходя из размера стенда.
Пожалуйста опишите основные виды деятельности компании:
__________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ ________
StocExpo РоссияистраныБалтийскогоморя
Договор-заявка на участие в выставке
Название компании:
Адрес:

Страна и почтовый индекс:
Адресдляпереписки:
(еслиотличенотадресаданноговыше)
Страна:
Телефон: + Факс:+
Представитель: Элпочта:
(лицо, ответственное за стенд и кому должна быть адресована вся корреспонденция)
Представитель на время выставки: (если отличен от указанного выше)
Эл почта:Веб страница:
Предпочтительное место расположения стенда
(пожалуйста зайдите на страницу StocExpo для того, что бы ознакомиться с планом выставки)
В случае если вы выбираете стенд соседний с компанией представляющей конкурирующую продукцию, мы оставляем за собой право перенести ваш стенд
1-ыйпопредпочтениювариант
2-ойвариант
3-ийвариант
4-ыйвариант
5-ыйвариант
6-ыйвариант
В случае если вам необходимо дополнительное оборудование (разделительные перегородки, табличка с названием компании, 3 светильника, источник питания и ковер) за дополнительную плату просим отметить здесь �
Экспонент согласится с тем местом, которое для него подобрали организаторы выставки исходя из информации предоставленной выше. В случае когда ни один из указанных вариантов не будет представляться возможным StocExpoпредложит Экспоненту самое лучшее расположение из оставшихся мест
StocExpo РоссияистраныБалтийскогоморя

Договор-заявка на участие в выставке
Оформивдоговор-заявкунаучастиеввыставке, Экспонентвыражаетсогласиесоследующим:
1. Экспонент обязуется оплатить полную стоимость участия компании StocExpo в сроки указанные в заявке.
2. Экспонент обязуется освободить директоров компании, сотрудников и лиц представляющих компанию от любых исков относительно всех возможных потерь, издержек, убытков, обязательств и затрат (включая стоимость услуг юристов), которые могут возникнуть по причине любого несчастного случая, телесного повреждения, повреждения имуществу или любого другого иска (или исков), любого другого происшествия с любым лицом, включая Экспонента, сотрудников компании Экспонента, представляющих его лиц или его подрядчиков, или лиц приглашенных Экспонентом, связанных с или имеющих причину во временном владении территории, отведенной ему согласно контракту в выставочном центре Finnexpo Exhibition Centre включая складские помещения и парковку для автомобилей. Условия этого положения остаются действительными по истечению сроков действия данного соглашения, а также в случае его расторжения.
3 StocExpoне несет ответственность за: а)безопасность собственности, привезенной Экспонентом для участия в выставке и любого другого имущества, имевшегося или арендованного Экспонентом в случае пожара, кражи или повреждения имуществу, б) несчастные случаи с экспонентом или его сотрудниками по любой причине во время предшествующее началу действия соглашения, во время его действия и во время сразу после окончания действия соглашения.
4 Экспонент обязуется приобрести за свои средства необходимую страховку относительно вышеперечисленного: телесных повреждений, потерь и убытков.
5 На стенде должен находиться хотя бы один ответственный представитель компании во все время работы выставки.
6 Экспонент обязуется заниматься деятельностью, связанной с пребыванием на выставке строго в местах, оговоренных в соглашении. Строго запрещается прогуливаться по территории выставки. Сувениры и пробные экземпляры разрешается распространять только с территории стенда.
7 Экспоненты не должны использовать звукоусиливающее оборудование, влекущее за собой изменение атмосферы выставки или раздражающее соседних экспонентов. На стенде не разрешено воспроизведение музыки любого характера.
8 Не разрешается пользоваться услугами компаний по доставке еды и напитков, за исключением компаний работающих на территории выставочного комплекса.
9 Экспонент обязуется соблюдать законы, распорядок и предписания любых правительственных учреждений, а также установленных выставкой и владельцами зданий и дает согласие на то, что вышеуказанные законы, распорядки заменяют на время выставки все права экспонента.
10 StocExpoоставляет за собой право выдворить с выставки любое лица не выполняющие правила и распорядок, установленными на время выставки
Подпись представителяDateДата
Номер европейского НДС если таковой имеется ________________________________________________
Просьба вернуть заполненную заявку указав имя Mr Zahid Nawaz:
Mr Zahid Nawaz
Телефон: +44 208 687 4191 Факс: +44 20 8687 4130
Эл почта: zahid@stocexpo.com
Официальный каталог выставки StocExpo РоссияистраныБалтийскогоморя 2008будет распространяться совместно с журналом TANK STORAGE MAGAZINE если вы хотите разместить рекламу в этом издании отметьте здесь �







Справочниквыставки



Факс: +27 865 034 945
Эл почта: marketing@stocexpo.com

Название компании:

Номер стенда:

Адрес:


Телефон:

Факс:

Веб страница:

Электронная почта:

Контактное лицо:

Описание компании (максимум 75 слов):

[al_gy]

26 - February 27, 2008, exhibition complex Finnexpo, Helsinki


The agreement to reserve booth



Instructions:
Please fill out all the boxes of participation. The information that you tell us in the contract will be used for further training of the whole literature on the exhibition and will be used in special mailings. StocExpo Notification of changes in the reported data is the responsibility of the exhibitor.
*** Nevozvraschaemy deposit in the amount of 30% of the full cost of participation in the exhibition is to be paid at the time of reservation stand and the balance must be paid before December 30, 2007. Checks should be made out to StocExpo Ltd
Waiver of participation: In the case of non-participation after December 31, 2007 for the cost of the proposal as stand reservation to be returned.


*** Please note that separate reservation for a booth, proplachen deposit to be a day of receiving an invoice, otherwise we can not guarantee the position of the stand, under the original contract.


Prices for booths: (Not including VAT of 22% in Finland)

Size Price
9m2 [3 x 3m2] € 330 for 1 m2
18m2 [3 x 6m2] € 315 for 1 m2
27m2 [3 x 9m2] € 305 for 1 m2
36m2 € 300 for 1 m2

Minimal size - 9 ². For more discussion of these vygshe please contact Nike Azhibode by telephone +44 (0) 20 8648 7078


1. Price races c chitana only based on the size of the stand.
2. For additional equipment (dividing wall plaque with the name of the company, 3 luminaire, power source and carpet) is payment of € 90 per 1 m ².
3. The stands were filled in green allowance of 10% of the amount calculated on the basis of the size of the stand.
4. All corner stands also have an allowance of 10% of the amount calculated on the basis of the size of the stand.


Please describe the main types of activity:
__________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ ________

StocExpo Russia and the Baltic Sea

Application for participation in the exhibition


Company Name:

Address:


Country and postal code:

Mailing address:
(if different from the address given above)

Country:

Tel: + Fax: +

Representative: E-mail:
(person responsible for the stand and who should be addressed to all correspondence)

The representative at the exhibition: (if different from above)


E-mail: Web page:


Preferred location of the stand
(please visit the StocExpo to ensure that the plan would see the exhibition)
If you choose the neighboring booth with the company submitting a competing product, we reserve the right to move your stand

1st preferably option
2nd option
3rd option
4th option
5th version
6-th option

In case you need additional equipment (dividing wall plaque with the name of the company, 3 luminaire, power source and carpet) for an extra fee Please check here

Exhibitor agree place, which it picked organizers of the exhibition based on the information provided above. In the case where none of the options will not be possible StocExpo Exhibitor propose the best location of the remaining seats




StocExpo Russia and the Baltic Sea

Application for participation in the exhibition

Contract registered an application for participation in the exhibition, Exhibitor agrees to the following:

1. Exhibitor undertakes to pay the full cost of participation in the company StocExpo dates specified in the application.

2. Exhibitor undertakes to release the company's directors, officers and employees of the company from any claims about the possible losses, costs, damages, liabilities and expenses (including the cost of legal expenses), which may arise due to any accident, injury, damage to property or any other claim (or claims), any other incident with anyone, including Exhibitor company employees Exhibitor of its people or its contractors, or persons invited by Exhibitor associated with or without reason, in temporary possession of the territory assigned to it under the contract in the exhibition centre Finnexpo Exhibition Centre including warehouses and car parks. Terms of this provision shall remain valid for the duration of the expiration of the agreement, as well as in the case of its dissolution.

3 StocExpo not responsible for: a) security of tenure, brought Exhibitor to participate in the exhibition and any other property or leased Exhibitor available in the event of fire, theft or damage to property, b) accidents with the exhibitor or his staff for any reason during previous top of the agreement, during its operation and during, immediately after the end of the agreement.

4 Exhibitor undertakes to obtain the necessary funds for their insurance on the above: injuries, losses and damages.
5 On the stand must be at least one representative of the company responsible in all three days.

6 Exhibitor undertakes to engage in activities associated with the presence at the exhibition is strictly in the places specified in the agreement. Strictly forbidden to explore the territory of the exhibition. Souvenirs and trial copies to distribute only from the stand.

7 Exhibitors should not use microphones equipment, resulting in a change in the atmosphere surrounding the exhibition irritant or exhibitors. The booth is not allowed to reproduce any kind of music.

8 are not permitted to use the services of companies to deliver food and beverages, except for companies operating on the territory of the complex.

9 Exhibitor undertakes to abide by the laws, regulations and the schedule of any government agencies, as well as the established exhibition and the owners of buildings and agrees that the above-mentioned laws, procedures of substitute for the exhibition, all right exhibitor.

10 StocExpo reserves the right to expel any person from the exhibition did not meet the rules and schedule established at the time of the exhibition


Signed Representative Date Data

Number of European VAT if any ________________________________________________

Please return the completed application form stating the name of Mr Zahid Nawaz:

Mr Zahid Nawaz
Tel: +44208687 4191 Fax: +44 20 8687 4130
E-mail: zahid@stocexpo.com
The official exhibition catalogue StocExpo Russia and the Baltic Sea 2008 will be distributed in conjunction with the magazine TANK STORAGE MAGAZINE if you want to place an advertisement in this edition mark here







Directory Exhibition



Fax: +27865034 945
E-mail: marketing@stocexpo.com

Company Name:


Number stand:


Address:





Phone:


Fax:


Web page:


E-mail:


Contact person:


Company description (up to 75 words):

[al_gy]

Thank you - Lithuania is second
Feb 25, 2008
In cooperation with BNS
VILNIUS -- Lithuanians have chosen 'aciu' (thank you) as the most beautiful word in their native language.
The word was selected from a list of words proposed by visitors of Internet portals. It beat the word Lietuva (Lithuania) into second place.
Other words on popularity list displayed a clear patriotic bias, including tevyne (homeland), mama (mother), teviske (homeland), gimtine (home country), laisve (freedom), laime (happiness) and meile (love).
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

[al_gy]

02 March 2008
Effective use of the Internet for Intelligence Purposes Award for the past month goes to... ...the supporters of the PKK in the Turkish Armed Forces, who used YouTube to leak word of Turkey's planned invasion of northern Iraq a couple of days prior to the event. This was reported by Hurriyet [Turkish newspaper] on 23 February 2008. The video is posted here:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fHrqrZT0Gjo
It features an audio recording of a presentation by Brig Gen Munir Erten, Commander of the General Staff Electronic Systems, which is apparently the Turkish military's SIGINT unit. The file was allegedly transferred out of Turkey to Switzerland, and from there it was uploaded to YouTube.

http://internet-haganah.org/hmedia/02mar08/turkish_pkk_vid.jpg
It is not clear if the PKK was able to make effective use of this advance notice.
[And yes, we know that the PKK is not an Islamist organization, but this is too interesting to not make mention of].
Posted on 02 March 2008 @ 01:59

[al_gy]

http://www.auto-tuning.lt/images/tuning_08.gif
http://www.auto-tuning.lt/images/tuning_10.gif (http://www.auto-tuning.lt/2k4)



http://www.auto-tuning.lt/images/ban750.gif (http://www.maistogidas.lt/)

[al_gy]

http://www.eat-online.net/english/cookbook/lithuania/_derived/lie tuviskas_midus.htm_cmp_balance110_bnr.gif
http://www.eat-online.net/english/_derived/back_cmp_balance110_ba ck.gif (http://www.eat-online.net/english/cookbook/lithuania/didzkuliai.h tm) http://www.eat-online.net/english/_derived/up_cmp_balance110_up.g if (http://www.eat-online.net/english/cookbook/lithuanian_recipes.htm )

Ingredients:
10 k (20 lbs) honey
10 l (10 qts) water
1cup dried hops
1 tablespoon dried juniper berries
8 teaspoons wine yeast

Pour honey into stainless steel or enameled pot, cover with spring water, mix well and bring to a boil on low heat. Place hops and juniper berries into a linen bag and drop into boiling honey-water solution. Skim off scum and continue to boil until no more scum forms, about 1/2 hour. Cool solution to 85F/30C, add yeast, mix well and pour mixture into a glass carboy. Close bottle with cork, run a small hose or glass tube through the cork, one end of which is placed in a jar with water. This will allow the release of fermentation gases. Keep the fermenting carboy in a warm spot for about 3 weeks. As fermentation comes to an end, a deposit will form at the bottom of the carboy, decant mead into another carboy, stopper and keep at same warm temperature for about 3 months. Decant again and pour into an oak barrel. Close barrel and set in a cool spot. To obtain strong mead, age up to 5 years.

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http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www. lietuvos.net/istorija/sarmatia/sarmatia_files/imag e038.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.lietuvos.net/istorija/sarmati a/sarmatia.htm&h=977&w=600&sz=144&hl=en&start=9&tbnid=Q6tVAnEae8cddM:&tbnh=149&tbnw=92&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dlietuviskas%26hl%3Den

[exitwound]

lol,

check his bag for a new russian wife lololol ......

He has already had more wives than he knows what to do with, last I checked! :lmfao: :favorite:

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Lithuanians enjoy visa free trips to Canada
Mar 03, 2008
By Mike Collier
VILNIUS -- As of 1 March, citizens of Lithuania can travel to Canada without the need for a visa, the Lithuanian Foreign Ministry has confirmed. The Government of Canada announced this decision on 1 March, in Toronto.

"We welcome this decision, made by the Canadian Government, and together with the people of Lithuania are enjoying the opening of new possibilities for cooperation. It is an important step in the history of bilateral relations between Lithuania and Canada," said Foreign Minister Petras Vaitiekūnas.
According to Vaitiekūnas, the fact that the Canadian Government made this decision means that Lithuania suits the requirements of a visa-free regime in the areas of persons’ migration, document protection and border control.
"This decision is a result of good cooperation between the institutions of Lithuania and Canada," he added.

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Lithuanians mull question of identity
Feb 18, 2008
In cooperation with BNS
http://www.baltictimes.com/photos/489/19833.jpg BRAVE ART: Vytis the white knight could be in line for a makeover

VILNIUS -- Lithuanian minds are concentrating on the question of national identity with both the prime minister and president musing on the subject in recent days.



LithuanianPrime Minister Gediminas Kirkilas has given his backing to the idea of a shared symbol for the Baltic states.

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Lithuanians honored by Jewish organization
Mar 07, 2008
In cooperation with BNS

VILNIUS - Medals and the title of 'Righteous among the Nations' will be presented to 17 Lithuanians in Vilnius next week as a result of their efforts to save Jews from persecution during WWII.


Six of the nominees are still living, while the remainder will be awarded posthumously.

"We can take pride in the achievements of the individuals being awarded this year. They resolved to save people of Jewish descent under very risky circumstances. This type of aid would have resulted in the death of not just the rescuer, but his family as well," said Ingrida Vilkiene, one of the organizers of the awards.
Around 22,000 people around the world have already received similar honors, including 700 Lithuanians.
In year 1953, under a special ruling of Jerusalem's Kneset, the Yad Vashem - The Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority - was founded and began awarding titles of Righteous Among the Nations, presenting the honored with a medal and planting a tree in their honor in the Avenue of the Righteous Among the Nations. Those bestowed this title also have the privileges of engraving their names on marble plaques in the Garden of the Righteous Among the Nations.
Approximately 90 percent of the 220,000 of Lithuania's Jewish community during the time of WWII was exterminated during the Nazi occupation.

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La Pergola Restaurant, located in winter garden, has been opened for two years. Beautiful internal courtyard and the historical city wall of XVI c. could be seen through its glass windows.
The Restaurant offers a great choice of top quality Italian, Spanish, French wines and gourmet dishes of European cuisine, prepared by true professionals.

From 7 a.m. to 10 a.m. weekdays and 8 a.m. to 11 a.m. weekends you are welcome to an extensive delicious breakfast buffet of both hot and cold dishes including red caviar, smoked salmon, cold meats, salads, imported cheeses, cereals, fruits and yoghurts, pastries, home made cakes preserves and the selection of breads, tea, coffee, fresh made juices. Hot dishes include variety of pancakes, eggs cooked any style, sausages.

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ESTONIA
The press is apprehensive about Vladimir Putin's participation in the NATO summit in Bucharest, fearing that his presence may prompt the participants to delay the decision to give Ukraine and Georgia NATO's Membership Action Plan. "Vladimir Putin is going to attend the summit in Bucharest in order to make sure that its outcome is favorable for Russia. Only he can say whether he hopes to influence NATO's decision by his presence. But U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice has said that third countries have no right to influence NATO's decisions on expansion, and this statement shows that the alliance has misgivings about Putin's influence... Even if Kiev and Tbilisi are not put on NATO's path this time, the main thing is to prevent everyone from attributing this to Moscow's influence. NATO simply cannot afford this to happen." (Parnu Postimees, March 26).
LATVIA
Commentators believe that participants in the Bucharest summit may concentrate on the Russian President. "For the first time, Putin promised to grace the summit with his presence... Everyone is waiting to see what he will do. He may wreck the summit." (Neatkariga Rita Avize, March 27).
"The Putin factor has completely demoralized the summit's organizers because NATO officials are discussing one topic only - what Putin will say... One gets the impression that they are simply afraid of Putin." (Chas, April 1).
The reluctance of some European countries to strain relations with Russia, and Washington's intention to get Moscow's consent for missile defense elements deployment in Europe, are reducing the chances of the two post-Soviet republics to join NATO in the near future. "The world public is waiting for a super-scandal with baited breath... But neither Ukraine nor Georgia will be given NATO's Action Plan. It is much more important for Bush to reach compromise with Russia on the deployment of the U.S. missile defense shield in Europe before the end of his presidential term than to expand the alliance to embrace two poor republics." (Telegraf, March 31).
The national press is indignant at Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov for reprimanding the Latvian government for allowing a march by former legionnaires of the Latvian Waffen SS battalion. "The Russian foreign minister hurled one more slanderous accusation against the Latvian Republic... Lavrov should not blame the mirror for showing a crooked face. The U.S.S.R. was number one aggressor in Finland, Latvia, Estonia, and Lithuania... The Letts are not obliged to bury this Soviet aggression in oblivion. The struggle against the Red fascists, who treacherously occupied Latvia and destroyed its statehood, was our obligation and our right... Today's Russia is also involved in crimes against the Baltic nations. And this stigma has not been removed by the current Russian rulers who can only lie and threaten, but are unable to apologize in order to pave the way to reconciliation." (Latvijas Avize, April 1).
LITHUANIA
Some publications discussed Gazprom's potential decision to use rubles instead of the falling dollar in settling accounts with customers. "In expert opinion, if Gazprom switches to rubles, Lithuanian gas importers will have to pay more for gas, if the dollar continues dropping... Although prices on gas are controlled by the government, the Lietuvos Dujos, which buys gas from Gazprom, may ask the state committee on energy price control to raise tariffs for consumers." (Lietuvos Zinios, March 27).
The media are quoting Belarusian political analysts as saying that Washington is violating the 2004 Budapest memo under which signatories may not impose sanctions against Belarus, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan; this violation could provoke Minsk into a renouncement of nuclear neutrality. "Experts are emphasizing that this does not mean that Belarus will go nuclear. But Minsk will receive a legal opportunity to host Russian nuclear weapons on its territory. Now, if the United States toughens its economic sanctions, Belarus will be able not only to use this 'nuclear right,' but also to demand that Russia should extend such a guarantee to all members of the Collective Security Treaty Organization." (Respublika, March 29).
BELARUS
Most observers believe that in suppressing the opposition and ignoring Western accusations of a lack of democracy, the Belarusian president relies primarily on Moscow's support. "The tactic of the Belarusian authorities towards the West... is as primitive as the actions of spetsnaz [special forces] during the opposition's demonstrations - they decide either to beat the protesters or not... Politically and psychologically this tactic in respect of Europe and the United States is based on the following saying -- whom the good lord (Russia) a hand lends, no one (the West) in the way stands." (Belorusskiye Novosti, March 29).
Opposition journalists are lashing out at the Kremlin for nurturing plans for the political and cultural absorption of Belarus. They are stressing that Moscow's imperial ambitions may set the two nations at loggerheads. "Russian policymakers seem not to understand well what they are offering, Lukashenko may agree to the anschlus but it will result in tough confrontation between our people and countries. Belarusians will never accept the loss of independence, and will resist by launching a national-liberation struggle. (Khartiya 97, March 28).
UKRAINE
Many authors are emphasizing that Moscow has lost its dominant role amongst the post-Soviet republics. "Ukraine's NATO entry may be either delayed or precipitated, but Russia will not be able to influence it. Russia has no opportunities for blackmail - the gas wars of the last three years have shown that Russia depends on Ukraine for gas as much as Ukraine depends on Russia... Russia lost all levers of influence over Ukraine when it ceased to be not only a Soviet-style global power but even a regional leader. It has lost its key role in the post-Soviet space." (Delo, March 31).
The media believe that the growth of Russian nationalism is largely facilitated by the tacit support of the authorities. "Since the start of this year, Russia has set a record in race hate crimes... According to various estimates, there are about 70,000-80,000 neo-Nazis in Russia... The authorities regularly promise to 'clean the streets of the Nazi rabble' but human rights champions believe that their measures are far from sufficient. Moreover, some officials openly sympathize with neo-Nazis. State Duma Vice Speaker Sergei Baburin has taken part in the Slavic Union's marches several times." (24, April 1).
MOLDOVA
The press is writing that President Bush accepted Putin's invitation to make a lightning visit to Sochi after the Bucharest NATO summit because both leaders want to create a favorable background for bilateral relations before they are replaced by their successors. "They will hardly resolve all their differences at once, and for this reason their main task is to alleviate the worst of these... For the U.S. leader, this is the last chance to improve relations with Russia before Putin steps down. During his unplanned visit to Russia, Bush is hoping to improve mutual understanding on the missile shield, Kosovo's independence, and NATO's expansion." (Press-Obozreniye, March 28).
ARMENIA
The media claim that Russia should understand that it needs a strong Armenia and not worsen the dependent position of its strategic ally. In connection with this, certain hopes are set on the new Russian president. "By gradually depriving Yerevan of its independence, Moscow is loosing a strong partner on the international scene. Russia should not try to turn Armenia into an obedient and dependent country, but rather help it become a regional power that will help defend Russia's interests... But things are not so bad because Vladimir Putin's successor is Dmitry Medvedev, who is known as a liberal and progressive politician. (Pakagits, March 29).
Experts are worried about a future hike in gas prices. "It is no secret that Putin's Russia has been using gas as a geopolitical weapon in its relations with its neighbors and partners, waiting for them to make concessions in exchange for acceptable gas prices... The question is, what claims will Moscow make in exchange for the comparatively small or gradual increase in gas prices? Maybe it will require a new strategic object?.. Moscow may even ask for the right to build a new nuclear power plant on Armenian territory." (Pakagits, March 26).
GEORGIA
Journalists are speculating on the role that the notorious "Russian factor" will play in the expansion of NATO. The Russian president's intention to attend the Bucharest NATO summit raised concerns among experts. "Putin's arrival means that Georgia will not be given NATO's Membership Action Plan. Putin has contacts with European leaders and he is sure about it." (Saakartvelos Respublika, March 26).
The media refer to the expected decision to grant Georgia and Ukraine the Membership Action Plan as a test of sorts which will show the degree of member states' independence from Russia's dictatorship. "The summit in Bucharest will be a test both for NATO's stability and for Russia's diplomacy. The decision, whatever it will be, will be a serious breakthrough - it will either be a blow to Russia's weakening position in the post-Soviet area, or an example of Russia's unprecedented influence on NATO's decisions." (24 Saati, March 29).
AZERBAIJAN
The press notes that Russia has managed to split NATO into two camps - the United States and "the new Europe" support inviting Tbilisi and Kiev to join NATO, while Western Europe opposes it because it is afraid of Russia's negative reaction. "The bid by Ukraine and Georgia to join NATO is a headache... If rapprochement with Ukraine and Georgia is postponed, there will be no improvement in the situation, while Russia's reaction will not become less hostile in the future." (Zerkalo, Apil 1).
Experts are positive about the signing of the memorandum on the construction of the Kazvin - Resht - Astara railroad. It will connect Azerbaijan and Iran, and will be a part of the north-south international transport corridor, which will connect Europe with the Indian Ocean. The project, which is to be implemented with Russia's participation, has been frozen for a long time because of the United States and EU's position of isolating Iran. Experts predict that the participants in the project will face opposition from Western countries. "The project is not likely to be launched because of the opposition of Western countries which are the main potential users of the north-south corridor. The United States opposes any development of economic relations with Iran, accusing the country of developing nuclear weapons and supporting international terrorism." (Ekho Azerbaijana, March 31).
KAZAKHSTAN
Analysts say Russia will not send troops to Afghanistan but may give NATO transport corridors because the alliance's continued operation in that country is in its interests. "In the past Russia supported the U.S. operation in Afghanistan. At that time strategists in Moscow believed that a prolonged war would damage the American economy and make it less efficient because building up military muscles indefinitely is impossible... The U.S. presence in Afghanistan is in Moscow's interests - it helps achieve the goal which the limited contingent of Soviet forces failed to do - to create a buffer zone defending Russia's southern border from the radical Islamic world." (Gazeta.kz, March 26).
Public figures argue that Russian neo-Nazi groups have penetrated into Kazakhstan. "Skinhead youth groups in Russia who have raised the banners of fascism and chauvinism have gained so much strength that they have spread their activity to our land... There are skinhead groups in Petropavlovsk and Pavlodar. There are night clubs there where admission is permitted by the skin color." (Aikyn, March 28).
KYRGYZSTAN
The media warn that the Kremlin's flirtation with nationalist groups can lead to Russia's break-up. "Regrettably, there are a number of state figures in Russia who support the ethnic supremacy of the Russian people in the hierarchy of the peoples of Russia. The authorities themselves set up the moderate nationalist party Rodina, which quickly became not so moderate. If one recalls the recent past and the fate of the Soviet Union one can realize that the calls of nationalists are in fact calls for Russia to break up into pieces along ethnic lines. Obviously, these pieces will be far less competitive and become easy prey for other world powers." (De-facto, March 21).
TURKMENISTAN
The opposition criticizes the hypocritical policy of the western democracies which are ready to support the totalitarian regimes in Asian countries in exchange for energy resources that are "independent from Russia". "The bloody regimes in Belarus and Turkmenistan are incommensurable and, more importantly, the West's reaction is incommensurable with the level of democracy in our countries. As Lukashenko is ostracized, European and American guests continue visiting Ashkhabad. The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe has held conferences in Ashkhabad. OSCE Secretary-General Marc Perrin de Brichambaut said he "valued highly the new initiatives of Gurbanguly Berdymukhammedov"...U.S. Senator Lugar, a prominent human rights campaigner, after visiting Turkmenistan would like to see Berdymukhammedov in the United States. Can you imagine that?
It is clear both Americans and Europeans want only two things from Turkmenistan: gas and gas bypassing Russia. Both the European official and the American senator could not care less about the human rights situation and democracy in Turkmenistan. All the laments about democracy in Belarus are of the same nature: they are not interested in democracy as such, they are concerned about the absence of anti-Russian rhetoric from the Belarusian government. And the absence of gas in Belarus makes the criticism of the Lukashenko regime ever more hysterical. (Gundogar, March 27).
RIA Novosti is not responsible for the content of outside sources.

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The media are critical of the Western European countries that have not supported Kiev and Tbilisi's bid for NATO's Membership Action Plan. Some observers explain this position by energy interests. "Despite the declared U.S. support, seven NATO countries voted against Kiev and Tbilisi (that is, for Moscow). One veto would be enough, but the militant Europeans decided to vote like this to let Moscow know that the most loyal buyers of gas are to the west of Kaliningrad. (Lietuvos Zinios, April 7)
Resuming the discussion of the North European gas pipeline on the Baltic Sea bed, the authors of some articles state with regret that the positions of Lithuania and Poland, which insist on the ground-based option for the pipe, will not be taken into account, and there will be no way of stopping the Russian-German project. "Lithuanian economic interests are understandable, just as Russia's stake in the project. The qualifications of the Nord Stream top managers are beyond doubt. It is also clear that the gas pipeline will be based on the Russian-German project. First, work on it has already gotten underway; second, Estonia's protests against the pipe being laid in its territorial waters will not change much - the pipe can always be moved a little. This is exactly what the Russian and German specialists are doing." (Litovsky Kurier, April 3)

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EU ministers cut deal to end Lithuania veto on Russia talkshttp://img.breitbart.com/images/LogoAFPsmall. jpg (http://www.breitbart.com/partner.php?source=afp)h ttp://www.breitbart.com/images/common/dot.gifMay 11 03:23 PM US/Eastern
Write a Comment (http://comments.breitbart.com/?id=080511192222.7h ev3ug2)http://www.breitbart.com/images/common/dot. gifhttp://www.breitbart.com/images/article/email.g if (http://www.breitbart.com/email.php?link=%2Farticl e.php%3Fid%3D080511192222.7hev3ug2%26show_article% 3D1&id=080511192222.7hev3ug2)http://www.breitbart.com/ images/common/dot.gifhttp://www.breitbart.com/imag es/article/print.gif (http://www.breitbart.com/print.php?id=08051119222 2.7hev3ug2&show_article=1)http://www.breitbart.com/images/com mon/dot.gifhttp://www.breitbart.com/images/common/ dot.gifhttp://img.fark.net/pub/FarkItButton1_80x20 .png (http://cgi.fark.com/cgi/fark/farkit.pl?h=EU ministers cut deal to end Lithuania veto on Russia talks&u=http://www.breitbart.com/article.php?id=08051119 2222.7hev3ug2)http://www.breitbart.com/images/comm on/dot.gifhttp://img.breitbart.com/images/2008/5/1 1/080511192222.7hev3ug2/CPS.NDM26.110508212159.pho to01.quicklook.default-176x245.jpg
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http://www.breitbart.com/images/common/dot.gifFour European Union foreign ministers announced Sunday they had reached a deal to get Lithuania to lift its veto on launching talks on a new EU partnership accord with Russia.
"Principal agreements were reached today on the proposals of Lithuania," said a statement issued by the foreign ministers of Lithuania, Poland, Sweden and Slovenia, which holds the presidency of the 27-nation EU.
"We have found ways to reflect in the mandate of the talks the issues of the Druzhba pipeline (carrying Russian oil to Lithuania), issues of legal cooperation with Russia, and frozen conflicts."
Last month, Vilnius unilaterally blocked EU attempts to kick off talks on a new partnership deal with energy-rich Russia, to replace the old deal signed in 1997 when Moscow was still reeling from the Soviet collapse.
Any of the EU's 27 member states has the right to block talks between the union and other countries if it feels its national interests are being sidelined.
Lithuanian Foreign Minister Petras Vaitiekunas held closed-door talks in Vilnius Sunday evening with counterparts Sweden's Carl Bildt, Poland's Radoslaw Sikorski and Slovenia's Dimitrij Rupel in a bid to lift Lithuania's veto.
Vilnius had demanded that a number of sensitive issues be spelled out in the EU negotiating mandate, including Russia's active cooperation over energy supplies. (http://search.breitbart.com/q?s=energy%20supplies&sid=breitbart.com)
Russian oil supplies via the "Druzhba" pipeline to Lithuania were cut off in 2006, allegedly because of maintenance work, after Lithuania decided to sell its only oil refinery -- Mazeikiu Nafta -- to a Polish group instead of a Russian one.
"The success of the negotiations with Russia will directly depend on the renewal of supplies via the Druzhba pipeline," Vaitiekunas told reporters Sunday.

Lithuania, which broke free from the crumbling Soviet Union in 1991 and joined the EU in 2004, had also demanded that the EU push Moscow to deal with the legacy of the communist past.
It also sought to press Russia to fulfil its international obligations, including compensating people from Lithuania and its fellow Baltic states of Latvia and Estonia who were deported to the Soviet Gulag after Moscow took over the three countries during World War II. (http://search.breitbart.com/q?s=World%20War%20II&sid=breitbart.com)
Finally, it sought a special declaration on Georgia and Moldova, stressing respect for their territorial integrity and calling Russia to cooperate in solving the "frozen conflicts" in both countries.
Georgia is currently in the spotlight because of a bitter dispute with Russia over the breakaway Georgian region of Abkhazia -- which is run by pro-Moscow separatists and where Russian troops are deployed -- and Georgia's pro-Western government has warned of a risk of conflict with Moscow.
The four ministers who gathered in Vilnius Sunday were due to head to Georgia on Monday for a mediation mission, along with their Latvian counterpart Maris Riekstins. The mandate for the EU-Russia talks is to be discussed at a meeting of all 27 EU foreign ministers on May 26. The EU hopes the talks can be launched at an EU-Russia summit in Siberia on June 26-27, when new president Dmitry Medvedev will represent Russia for the first time

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http://img.rian.ru/i/t.gifhttp://img.rian.ru/i/t.g ifhttp://img.rian.ru/images/4331/91/43319167.jpgال إسلام والمسلمون في روسيا (http://64.233.179.104/translate_c?hl=en&sl=ar&tl=en&u=http://ar.rian.ru/society/muslim/&usg=ALkJrhhD3Jj_KjmLzrbbcoyGhh4V9ZOeuw) Islam and Muslims in Russia (http://64.233.179.104/translate_c?hl=en&sl=ar&tl=en&u=http://ar.rian.ru/society/muslim/&usg=ALkJrhhD3Jj_KjmLzrbbcoyGhh4V9ZOeuw)
"دار الإسلام" ـ مجلة علمية جديدة تصدر في روسيا "Dar Al-Islam" new scientific journal published in Russia


08:08 | 2008 / 06 / 26 2008 / 06 / 26 http://img.rian.ru/i/b_print.gif (http://64.233.179.104/translate_c?hl=en&sl=ar&tl=en&u=http://ar.rian.ru/society/muslim/20080626/112086 550-print.html&usg=ALkJrhhnQ5qw2nyUiaVGvNQdDRNeTBH2mQ)
موسكو، 26 يونيو (حزيران)، نوفوستي. MOSCOW, June 26 (June), Novosti. من أولغا سيومينا. By Olga daily.
صدر في موسكو العدد الأول لمجلة علمية جديدة بعنوان "دار الإسلام". Moscow issued the first edition of the new scientific journal entitled "Dar Al Islam."
ويحمل غلافها خارطة العالم من إعداد الجغرافي العربي الأدريسي (1100 ـ 1155)، المأخوذة من كتاب "نزهة المشتاق في اختراق الآفاق". And a map of the world is its preparation of geographical Arab Al-Idrisi (1100 1155), taken from the book "picnic Yearner to penetrate prospects."
وقال رئيس تحرير المجلة البرفسور في التاريخ حيدر خبوتدينوف إن المجلة تعتبر مطبوعة فصلية، موجهة إلى الحاصلين على التعليم العالي. The chief editor of the magazine in the history Professor Haidar Botdenov that the magazine is printed quarterly, addressed to obtaining higher education. كما قال: "إننا نود أن ينشأ لدى القراء تصور كامل حول العالم الإسلامي، لذا سنتناول بالإضافة إلى تاريخ العالم الإسلامي ، قضايا علم الاجتماع والسياسة والاقتصاد في هذا العالم". It also said: "We want to establish a full concept to readers around the Muslim world, so we will in addition to the history of the Islamic world, issues of sociology, politics and economy in this world."




أرسل هذا الخبر (http://64.233.179.104/translate_c?hl=en&sl=ar&tl=en&u=http://ar.rian.ru/society/muslim/20080626/112086 550-send.html&usg=ALkJrhiZupvh1P1FtRWjrdHbvN0qeU9V_g) Send this Story (http://64.233.179.104/translate_c?hl=en&sl=ar&tl=en&u=http://ar.rian.ru/society/muslim/20080626/112086 550-send.html&usg=ALkJrhiZupvh1P1FtRWjrdHbvN0qeU9V_g) http://img.rian.ru/i/arrow_b_ara.gif (http://64.233.179.104/translate_c?hl=en&sl=ar&tl=en&u=http://ar.rian.ru/society/muslim/20080626/112086 550-send.html&usg=ALkJrhiZupvh1P1FtRWjrdHbvN0qeU9V_g) التعليق على الموضوع (http://64.233.179.104/translate_c?hl=en&sl=ar&tl=en&u=http://ar.rian.ru/forums/52328842/add_topic.html %3Farticle_id%3D112086550&usg=ALkJrhhgfI97hZIc8M5qqm8_wTVZIyER-g) Comment on the subject (http://64.233.179.104/translate_c?hl=en&sl=ar&tl=en&u=http://ar.rian.ru/forums/52328842/add_topic.html %3Farticle_id%3D112086550&usg=ALkJrhhgfI97hZIc8M5qqm8_wTVZIyER-g) http://64.233.179.104/i/arrow_b_ara.gif (http://64.233.179.104/translate_c?hl=en&sl=ar&tl=en&u=http://ar.rian.ru/forums/52328842/add_topic.html %3Farticle_id%3D112086550&usg=ALkJrhhgfI97hZIc8M5qqm8_wTVZIyER-g)
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Atgal (http://74.125.93.104/translate_c?hl=en&sl=ru&tl=en&u=http://www.moscovia1.narod.ru/mokslas/index.htm&usg=ALkJrhjYPtJwg6Oy8vvb7fGARodGL1iUww)
Atgal (http://74.125.93.104/translate_c?hl=en&sl=ru&tl=en&u=http://www.moscovia1.narod.ru/mokslas/index.htm&usg=ALkJrhjYPtJwg6Oy8vvb7fGARodGL1iUww)


Антанас Ионкус
Antanas Ionkus

Размышления по поводу статьи
Thinking about the article

С.Каралюнаса «Истоки имени и государственности Литвы» (http://74.125.93.104/translate_c?hl=en&sl=ru&tl=en&u=http://www.moscovia1.narod.ru/mokslas/2007_1_Kar aliunas_LietuvosVardas.htm&usg=ALkJrhgB0nlo3xA5jhssLKZPN9yVyRI2MQ)
S. Karalyunasa "Origins of the name and state of Lithuania" (http://74.125.93.104/translate_c?hl=en&sl=ru&tl=en&u=http://www.moscovia1.narod.ru/mokslas/2007_1_Kar aliunas_LietuvosVardas.htm&usg=ALkJrhgB0nlo3xA5jhssLKZPN9yVyRI2MQ)


1.
1. Введение
Introduction



Появление статьи С.Каралюнаса об этимологии слова Lietuva
The emergence of articles S. Karalyunasa etymology of the word Lietuva ( знакомый прислал
(Acquaintance sent мне статью в интернетовском варианте) было как гром с чистого неба.
me an article in the Internet version), it was like thunder with a clean palate. Не будучи специалистом, я все таки в известной мере интересовался происхождением балтийских слов, топонимов как на территории Литвыб так и за ее пределами.
Not being a specialist, I feel like a certain extent interested in the Baltic origin of words, names as Litvyb inside and outside its borders. И мне казалось странным, что ученые название Литвы связывают с именем какого-то ручейка (Лиетава) в Восточной Литве.
And I thought it strange that the name of Lithuanian scientists linked with the name of some streams (Lietava) in eastern Lithuania. За свою долгую жизнь я про этот ручей никогда не слыхал.
During his long life of this creek, I never heard. Да и где найти примеры, чтобы названия стран или народов выводили из наименования ручейка, рощица, холма и т.п.?
Yes, and where to find examples that the names of countries or peoples' names removed from streams, roschitsa, hill, etc.?

Поэтому, когда я узнал о конференции балтистов в Москве (2003) и что там будет делать доклад С.Каралюнас, я с оживлением ждал сенсации – доклада о большом открытии.
So when I learned about the conference baltistov in Moscow (2003) and that there will do a report Karalyunas S., I waited for the recovery sensations - a report on greater openness. Однако С.Каралюнас о своей теме рассказал тихо и скромно, дискуссий и обсуждений не последовало.
However, S. Karalyunas its theme spoke quietly and modestly, discussions and deliberations are not followed. Надеюсь, что к этой теме балтисты еще вернутся, и она будет рассмотрена в более широком контексте.
I hope that the topic baltisty yet returned, and she will be considered in a broader context. На мой взгляд, расширение исследований следовало бы продолжить в двух направлениях.
In my opinion, the expansion of research should continue in two directions. Во-первых, рассмотреть связи слова leit -/ liet -/ lit - не только в его связях с германскими и славянскими языками.
First, consider the context words leit - / liet - / lit - not only in its relationship with German and Slavic languages. Оно может быть связано с романскими языками, с греческим, древнегреческим, латинским и др.
It may be related to the Romance languages, with the Greek, ancient Greek, Roman, etc.

Во вторых, и это меня как социолога особенно интересует, важно найти и зафиксировать социально-исторические тексты о существовании в Европе категории населения, сословия, обозначаемого термином leit -/ liet -/ lit - или подобным словом.
Secondly, and this is me as a sociologist particularly interested, it is important to find and communicate the socio-historical texts of the existence in Europe category, class, is termed leit - / liet - / lit - or similar word. То есть важно создать солидный корпус текстов, более полно раскрывающих данное явление и данное понятие.
That is important to establish a solid body of texts, more fully revealing the phenomenon and this notion. В противном случае, при отрывочных данных и подчас неверной их интерпретации может создаться впечатление, что литва – это лишь узкая категория слуг при одном определенном дворе, конекормцы.
Otherwise, if fragmented data and sometimes incorrect interpretation might give the impression that lithuania - this is only a narrow category servants with a certain yard, konekormtsy.

Непонятно также, почему автор не рассматривает литовские слова
Also unclear why the author did not consider the Lithuanian word lyd ėti, palyda. Почему, приводя примеры из украинско-казаческих песен о литве, не оговаривает само явление казачества, которое, на мой взгляд, является сохранившемся, вероятно значительно измененным видом той же литвы. Анализ явления казачества помог бы понять и древнее социальное явление литвы.
lyd ėti, palyda. Why, citing examples from the Ukrainian-kazacheskih songs about lithuania, does not specify the phenomenon itself Cossacks, which, in my opinion, is retained, perhaps significantly modified the same lithuania. Cossack phenomenon analysis would help to understand and ancient social phenomenon lithuania.

Ниже приведенные строки имеют
Below are listed a string целью – расширить, в меру моих скромных познаний, тематику исследования С.Каралюнаса.
goal - to expand, to the best of my knowledge modest, the study subjects S. Karalyunasa.


2.
2. Формирование сословия лэтов/лэдов на гало-римской территории
Formation class letov / ledov on halo-Roman territory



Французский историк Стефан Лебек следующим образом характеризует галло-римскую территорию в период от исчезновения Римской империи и до образования новых средневековых государств: после двух веков, в течение которых в Галлию постепенно проникли чужеземцы, к 480 году страна все же оставалась под сильным римским влиянием, которое стало трансформироваться с началом принятия христианства.
French historian Stephane Lebek follows characterizes gallium-Roman territory in the period from the disappearance of the Roman Empire and until a new medieval States: after two centuries, during which gradually penetrated into Gaul invaders, to 480 in the country still remained under strong Roman influence, which has been transformed with the start of Christianity.

В описываемые нами времена территория Галлии превратилась в наполовину пустынные пространства.
In our times, described the territory Gaul half turned into desert space. Множество земледельцев, разоренных налогами, разбойными нападениями или спадами рыночной конъюнктуры, были вынуждены отдавать себя и свое имущество под власть сильных мира сего.
Many farmers, devastated taxes, robbery or downs on market conditions, were forced to give themselves and their property under the authority of the strengths of this world. Сельские жители особенно
Villagers especially подвергались
were subjected to большой опасности при передвижениях армий.
great danger when movements of armies. Нищета и разорение заставляли их объединиться с дружинами варваров, участвовавших в набегах на окраины империи.
Poverty and destitution forced them to join Squad barbarians who participated in raids on the outskirts of the empire. Поэтому вне городов латифундисты (латифундии – рабовладельческие сельские хозяйства. А.И.) все чаще прибегали к услугам отрядов телохранителей, которых кормили и поили за свой счет (1, с. 19-20).
Therefore, landowners outside the cities (latifundia - slave farms. AI) have increasingly resorted to the services squads of bodyguards, who fed and at their own expense (1, pp. 19-20).

В результате разрушительных набегов варваров в конце III и начале V веков, как пишет Ст.Лебек, - во многих местах
As a result of devastating raids barbarians at the end III and V early centuries, as St.Lebek writes - in many places Римской империи (откуда ушло коренное население) возникали замкнутые варварские
Roman empire (which lasted indigenous people) there were confined barbaric поселения.
settlements. Это были преимущественно вандалы или же саксонцы, существовавшие не поддерживая никаких контактов с внешним миром.
These were mostly Vandals or saksontsy that existed not supporting any contact with the outside world. Однако в своем большинстве варвары, осевшие Галлию, оказались к этому времени ассимилированными.
However, in its most barbarians, settled Gaul, were assimilated by this time. «Это несомненно относится к тем, кого летописи именуют летами (в оригинале “ letes ” – А.И.), которые во множестве появились на севере и северо-востоке Галлии в конце III века.
"That certainly applies to those who chronicle called summer (in the original" letes "- AI), which many have appeared in the north and north-east of Gaul III at the end of the century. Они ставят перед нами немало нерешенных вопросов, - признается автор, - некоторые из них определенно являлись пленниками римлян, принудительно поселенными в аграрных колониях империи, подобно тем, о которых пишет один из панегиристов трехсотых годов – «хамав теперь пашет землю для нас, тот самый хамав, который так долго разорял нас своими набегами».
They have presented us a lot of outstanding issues - the author acknowledges - some of them were definitely prisoners Romans, forcibly agrarian settlements in the colonies empire, like those which writes one eulogist three hundred years - "hamav now pashet land for us, the very hamav, which for so long we go under their raids ". Можно предположить, что другие галло-римляне сами были пленниками варваров, возвращенными империи после заключения с нею мирного договора» (1, с.32-33).
It can be assumed that other gallium-Romans barbarians were themselves prisoners surrendered empire with her after concluding a peace treaty "(1, s.32-33).

Многочисленные германские племена, происходившие с правого берега нижнего и среднего Рейна,
Numerous German tribes that have taken place with the right bank of the lower and middle Rhine образовали обширный племенной союз, получивший общее наименование варваров.
formed a vast tribal Union who won the overall title barbarians. Название варвары, как и слово «франки» понимается как «смелые», «свободные» люди.
Name of barbarians, as the word "franc" is understood as "courageous", "free" people. Франки совершали сокрушительные набеги на владения Римской империи, начиная с второй половины III века, но в дальнейшем начали постепенно расселяться в северных областях Галлии, поначалу рассеиваясь в этих местах мелкими группами, чему способствовали прогрессирующий развал римских военных структур, а затем – крупными организованными массами на основе заключенного с Римом соглашения.
Franks committed devastating raids on the ownership of the Roman Empire, beginning in the second half-century III, but subsequently began to gradually resettle in the northern areas of Gaul, initially rasseivayas in these places small groups, due to progressive collapse of the Roman military structures, and then - organized masses at large a prisoner with Rome agreement.

«…три крупнейшие варварские народности, образовавшиеся в V веке в пределах Галлии, - вестготы – на юго-западе, бургунды – на юго-востоке и франки – на севере, - были для Рима народами «федерированными», то есть заключившими с Римом договор.
"… Barbaric three largest ethnic group, formed in the V century in Gaul - Visigoths - in the southwest, burgundy - the south-east and francs - in the north - were for the peoples of Rome" federirovannymi ", concluded a treaty with Rome . Они входили в состав империи, им выделялись казенные или отторгнутые от больших поместий земли в соответствии с законами о гостеприимстве, и они со своей стороны брали на себя обязанность защищать соответствующую область и прилегающие к ней территории.
They were members of the empire, they were allocated state or excluded from large land estates in accordance with the laws of hospitality, and they, for its part, to assume the duty to protect the respective areas and the surrounding territory. (Полная аналогия с казачеством – А.И.) При этом вождь …подкреплял свой титул короля… более пышными терминами, почерпнутыми в римской атрибутике.
(Full analogy with the Cossacks - AI) At the same leader… reinforces his title of King… more lush terms found in Roman symbols. Гундевех – король бургундов между 450 и 470 годами – именовался командующим галльским ополчением, а его сын Гундобад был патрицием еще до того, как, подобно отцу, стал во главе ополчения.
Gundeveh - King burgundov between 450 and 470 years - was called Gallic militia commander, and his son Gundobad was maiella before, like his father, was led by militias. При этом вся полнота гражданской власти, будь то судебная или фискальная, считалась остающейся в руках все тех же римских инстанций, местных и центральных».
In doing so, all the fullness of civil authority, whether judicial or fiscal, thought to be remaining in the hands of all the same Roman authorities, local and central ". (1, с.33-34).
(1, s.33-34).

Таким образом, лэты/лэди со своим вождем сначала грабили окраины Римской империи, затем вождь превращался в «короля» и со своей дружиной стал охранять Римские провинции.
Thus, lety / ledi with its leader, first robbed the outskirts of the Roman Empire, then leader turned into a "king" and with its Squad was to protect Roman province. Это и есть собственно военная функция лэтов/лэдов.
This is actually a military function letov / ledov. Варварские «короли» не имели ни казны и не могли содержать наемных солдат.
The barbaric "kings" did not have any treasury and could not contain hired soldiers. Своим дружинникам они просто выделяли земли, на которых те кормились, а в случае необходимости были готовы идти со своим вождем в военный поход.
By druzhinnikam they simply allocate land to those who feed, and, if necessary, were ready to go with its leader in a military campaign.


3.
3. Преобразование военной власти в территориальную власть
The transformation of military power in the territorial authority



«…в результате новых побед и упадка императорской власти, ставшей номинальной, сущность власти франкских королей претерпела изменения в период с конца V до середины VI века.
"… As a result of new victories and decline of imperial power has become nominal, the essence of power frankskih kings had changed since the end of V VI until mid-century. Будучи в начале лишь властью над одним народом или народностью, объединяющей людей для войны, она стала властью над определенной территорией, и в силу этого – постоянной властью над несколькими народами.
As at the beginning of authority over only one people or nation, uniting people for war, it became a power over certain territory, and because of this - a permanent authority over several nations. От той власти, которой она была в военное время, она унаследовала характер абсолютный, распространяемый и на мирное время: она стала неограниченной, не сдерживаемой какими-либо законными рамками или решениями общих сходов всех граждан.
From the power, it was in wartime, she inherited an absolute character, and distributed at time of peace: it has become unlimited, not constrained by any laws or decisions of the general framework converges all citizens. Воспрепятствовать осуществлению этой власти, свергнуть ее можно было только силой.
Obstruct the implementation of the power to overthrow it could only force. Поэтому для франкских королей было чрезвычайно важно, чтобы перевес силы всегда был на их стороне.
So to frankskih kings was extremely important that outweigh the force has always been on their side. Отсюда стремление окружить себя все более и более внушительной дружиной – военной свитой, члены которой были бы связаны клятвой личной верности властителю.
Hence the desire to surround himself more and more impressive Squad - military retinue, whose members would be bound by oath of personal loyalty to rulers. Отсюда же постоянные попытки распространить воинскую повинность на всех поданных, включая и галло-римлян.
Hence the same constant attempts to extend military obligations in all the cast, including gallium-Romans. К тому же королю нужны были верные люди на всех завоеванных территориях.
In addition, King needed right people at all conquered territories. И он находил их среди представителей местной знати – франкской, как в древние времена, но также и, все чаще и чаще, римской, дававших ему обет верности и становившихся после этого его вассалами.
And he found them among the local notables - frankskoy, as in ancient times, but also, increasingly, Roman, let us vow loyalty to him and then becomes his vassals. Вассалов полагалось вознаграждать и прежде всего – земельными наделами» (1, с.72-73).
Vassals relied reward, and above all - land "(1, p.72-73).

Лэди
Ledi становятся вассалами; само слово, как и соответствующее понятие, имеет германское происхождение, - рассуждает историк.
becoming vassals; word itself, as that of the corresponding concept has German origins - talks historian. То же происхождение и у целого ряда слов, обозначающих дворцовые должности: сенешаль – старший слуга, обычно ведавший снабжением, маршал – конюх, и другие (1, с. 73).
The same origin and a number of words referring to the palace office: steward - senior servant, usually manages supply, Marshal - konyuh, and others (1, pp. 73).

«Среди франкских воинов также имелась своя элита: военачальники и их ближайшее окружение, то есть вооруженная свита, сопровождавшая их как в военное время, так и в повседневной жизни (немецкие историки обозначают ее термином Gefolgschaft ).
"Among frankskih soldiers also had their elite: military and their immediate environment, that is armed retinue, was escorted them both in wartime and in everyday life (German historians mark her term Gefolgschaft). < … > Из среды военной элиты короли выбирали себе вассалов, приносивших им присягу верности, сопровождавших их на поле боя и дававших им мужей и жен для наследников «второй руки».
<…> From among the military elite kings choose their vassals, to bring them the oath of allegiance, accompanying them on the battlefield and give them husbands and wives to the heirs of "second hand". Они же замещали придворные должности
They also replaces courtiers posts и назначались в графства» (1, с.88).
and appointed in the county "(1, s.88).

Как видно по материалам французского исследователя, лэты/лэды, как основной социальный слой сформировался в дофеодальный период развития общества.
As seen on materials of the French researcher, lety / ledy, as the basic social layer formed dofeodalny period in the development of society. В общественных отношениях этого периода явно доминирует военная функция.
In this period, public relations clearly dominates the military function. Военачальник по обычному праву дает землю (свободную или отнятую у латифундий) членам своей дружины, а те, в свою очередь, обязаны были сопровождать своего начальника в его походах.
Military commander under customary law gives land (free or taken from latifundia) Convivir its members, and those in turn were obliged to accompany his superior in his hikes. Для этого они, конечно, должны были кормить боевого коня, содержать соответствующее снаряжение, оружие.
To do this, they certainly should have been lethal horse feed containing relevant equipment, weapons.

При формировании феодальных отношений лэты/лэды постепенно превращаются в вассалов, экономически зависимых людей, военные функции заменяются преимущественно хозяйственными.
When a feudal relations lety / ledy vassalov gradually becoming economically dependent people, mostly military functions are replaced by business. Дружинники становятся данниками сюзерена, в т.ч.
Druzhinniki become dannikami suzerain, including и конекормцами .
and konekormtsami. Такой их позднейший статус, как справедливо отмечает С.Каралюнас, зафиксировали русские летописи.
Such their status later, as rightly pointed S. Karalyunas, recorded Russian chronicles. Но и в феодальные времена еще сохраняются следы первичной военной функции лэдов/лэтов .
But in feudal times and still traces of the primary functions of the military ledov / letov. Они проживают около замка сюзерена, пользуются особыми правами.
They live near the castle suzerain, enjoy special rights. Поэтому
Therefore в монументальной скульптуре Карла Великого (+814), стоящей на площади Парижской Богоматери, император изображен окружении своих соратников, а на гранитном постаменте выгравирована надпись:
in a monumental sculpture of Charlemagne (814), on the square facing Paris St Mary, depicts Emperor surrounded their companions, and on a granite pedestal engraved inscription:

CHARLEMAGNE
CHARLEMAGNE

et
et ses
ses leudes
leudes

[al_gy]

4.
4. Наличие слова и понятия лэты/лэды в древних языках
The existence of words and concepts lety / ledy in ancient languages



С.Каралюнас подробно рассмотрел формы коренного слова лэд/лет/лейд и т.д.
S. Karalyunas considered in detail the forms of indigenous words led / years / лейд etc. в германских языках, его аналоги в славянских языках.
in the German language, its analogues in the Slavic languages. Существует ли подобное слово и понятие в других, в &